農業部大豆專家指導(dao)組全國農業技(ji)術推(tui)廣服(fu)務中心

（2014年3月(yue)27日）

　　去秋東北地區(qu)雨水(shui)較多(duo)，部(bu)分地區(qu)農田土壤過(guo)濕，特別是因洪澇(lao)災害(hai)沿(yan)江不少(shao)農田積水(shui)封(feng)凍。入冬(dong)后(hou)東北大(da)部(bu)降雪早(zao)、雪量大(da)、積雪厚，立春(chun)后(hou)又出(chu)現幾次大(da)范(fan)圍的降雪過(guo)程。氣象部(bu)門預測(ce)，春(chun)季(ji)東北地區(qu)平均氣溫比(bi)常年偏低1~2℃，降水(shui)偏多(duo)1~5成(cheng)，局部(bu)可能發(fa)生重(zhong)于2013年的低溫春(chun)澇(lao)“雙碰頭”情況。為搞好大(da)豆春(chun)耕生產，農業部(bu)大(da)豆專家指導(dao)組和全國(guo)農技(ji)中心(xin)共同研究提出(chu)如下技(ji)術意(yi)見：

　　一、合理輪作倒(dao)茬

　　東北四省區有效積溫較低的大豆集中產區，應大力推行大豆與玉米、小麥、馬鈴薯隔年輪作(zuo)；中部和南部地(di)區，實行(xing)大豆(dou)與玉米隔年種(zhong)植或(huo)一年大豆(dou)、兩年玉米的(de)(de)輪作(zuo)方式，實行(xing)土地(di)用養結合，促進各(ge)作(zuo)物均(jun)衡增產和耕地(di)的(de)(de)永(yong)續利用。

　　二、及時整地散墑

　　低洼地(di)(di)和(he)積雪較(jiao)厚地(di)(di)塊(kuai)，要抓緊活(huo)雪排水，防止地(di)(di)面積水；平崗地(di)(di)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)頂(ding)漿(jiang)起壟(long)，扶壟(long)夾肥和(he)播種一次性完成；深翻(fan)地(di)(di)采取早(zao)春耢地(di)(di)封(feng)墑(di)(di)、頂(ding)凌(ling)散墑(di)(di)、起壟(long)夾肥、播種聯合作(zuo)業；耙茬地(di)(di)和(he)深翻(fan)耙茬地(di)(di)視土壤化凍(dong)情況及(ji)時(shi)(shi)耢地(di)(di)、頂(ding)凌(ling)散墑(di)(di)和(he)頂(ding)凌(ling)起壟(long)播種；玉(yu)米(mi)原(yuan)茬越冬地(di)(di)塊(kuai)在壟(long)臺土壤化凍(dong)5～6厘米(mi)時(shi)(shi)，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)進行滅茬散墑(di)(di)，扶壟(long)種豆。待墑(di)(di)情適宜后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)進行起壟(long)、鎮壓、播種。建議采用大馬力寬(kuan)幅(fu)機車組作(zuo)業，以免造成耕地(di)(di)過度壓實。

　　三、精選良種并搞好種子處理

　　嚴(yan)格選種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)分級播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)凈度>98%，含水量(liang)＜13.5%，發芽率(lv)(lv)>85%（采用(yong)(yong)(yong)精量(liang)點播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)發芽率(lv)(lv)>95%）。合理(li)(li)安排(pai)不同(tong)熟期(qi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，避免越區種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植。澇洼地或積(ji)雪多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)地塊播(bo)期(qi)可能(neng)拖(tuo)后，要提(ti)早(zao)(zao)做(zuo)好早(zao)(zao)熟救災品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)準(zhun)備。品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可選用(yong)(yong)(yong)比所在區域(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植早(zao)(zao)1~2個積(ji)溫帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，最晚播(bo)期(qi)控制在5月(yue)下旬。做(zuo)好播(bo)前(qian)曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)或藥劑拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工作(zuo)。曬(shai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一般(ban)能(neng)使發芽率(lv)(lv)提(ti)高13％左右(you)，提(ti)早(zao)(zao)出(chu)苗2~3天。包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)時(shi)按(an)藥種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)比1∶75~100處理(li)(li)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)量(liang)0.5%的(de)(de)(de)50%多(duo)(duo)福合劑或種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)量(liang)0.3%的(de)(de)(de)50%多(duo)(duo)菌靈拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可防治大豆根腐病，蟲(chong)(chong)害嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)地塊還應(ying)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)含殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑的(de)(de)(de)包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)劑。未包(bao)衣(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，需(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)35%甲基硫環(huan)磷乳油拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，以防治地下害蟲(chong)(chong)。拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劑可添加鉬酸(suan)銨，以提(ti)高大豆出(chu)苗率(lv)(lv)和固氮能(neng)力。

　　四、因(yin)地(di)制宜選擇播(bo)種方式

　　當耕(geng)層地(di)溫(wen)穩定通過5℃時(shi)即可播(bo)種，應做(zuo)(zuo)到連續作業以防土(tu)壤(rang)水分(fen)散(san)失(shi)(shi)。土(tu)壤(rang)墑情(qing)較(jiao)差(cha)時(shi)應隨播(bo)隨壓(ya)；土(tu)壤(rang)墑情(qing)適宜時(shi)，在播(bo)后(hou)2~3小時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)鎮壓(ya)；土(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)度大（含水量>25%）或播(bo)后(hou)遇雨(yu)的(de)地(di)塊(kuai)，需待地(di)表(biao)出現(xian)2厘米(mi)干土(tu)層時(shi)再(zai)鎮壓(ya)。干旱(han)嚴重(zhong)的(de)地(di)塊(kuai)可采取行(xing)間(jian)覆膜播(bo)種。春季(ji)升溫(wen)快、土(tu)壤(rang)失(shi)(shi)墑嚴重(zhong)，應提(ti)前做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)抗旱(han)準備(bei)。一(yi)般采用(yong)110厘米(mi)大壟、壟上三行(xing)播(bo)種方式較(jiao)好(hao)。

　　五、科學選擇除草(cao)劑并規范噴灑作業

　　今(jin)春(chun)大(da)部分(fen)地區墑情(qing)較(jiao)好，可(ke)(ke)使用(yong)乙草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺、異丙(bing)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺、異丙(bing)甲草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺、丙(bing)炔(gui)氟(fu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)胺等(deng)藥(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)進行封閉(bi)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，適(shi)(shi)當降低(di)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)量。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)墑情(qing)較(jiao)差時不建議封閉(bi)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。為(wei)便于輪作(zuo)倒茬，建議不施用(yong)咪草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)煙、氯嘧磺隆、氟(fu)磺胺草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)醚、闊草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)清、異惡(e)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)松(song)等(deng)長殘(can)效除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。白(bai)漿土(tu)、鹽堿土(tu)、沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)以及土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)水分(fen)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)田塊不宜(yi)使用(yong)嗪(qin)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)酮、“2，4~D丁酯”或含此類成分(fen)的(de)復配除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。苣荬菜(cai)、刺兒菜(cai)等(deng)多年生宿根性(xing)雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，可(ke)(ke)在雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)出苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)甘膦等(deng)滅生性(xing)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)定點(dian)防除(chu)(chu)。規范噴灑(sa)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)業(ye)標(biao)準：拖拉機行走速(su)度為(wei)每分(fen)鐘(zhong)100米(mi)；適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)噴液壓(ya)力為(wei)苗(miao)前(qian)3個大(da)氣壓(ya)、苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)4~5個大(da)氣壓(ya)；噴頭高度為(wei)苗(miao)前(qian)噴霧噴頭距壟(long)臺50厘米(mi)、苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)55厘米(mi)；苗(miao)前(qian)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)要分(fen)別選用(yong)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)型(xing)號的(de)噴頭，避免(mian)新舊(jiu)噴頭同(tong)車使用(yong)，要用(yong)沉(chen)淀后(hou)(hou)的(de)清水對藥(yao)以免(mian)堵塞噴頭；苗(miao)前(qian)每畝噴液量11升(sheng)，苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)每畝10升(sheng)；作(zuo)業(ye)環境在溫度28℃以下(xia)、空氣相(xiang)對濕度65%以上、風速(su)3級以下(xia)較(jiao)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)。注(zhu)意不要重噴、漏噴，以免(mian)產生藥(yao)害。噴灑(sa)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)要在上午10點(dian)前(qian)或下(xia)午4點(dian)后(hou)(hou)作(zuo)業(ye)。

　　六、加強病蟲害防治

　　播種(zhong)前(qian)根(gen)據當(dang)地(di)病蟲(chong)害(hai)發(fa)(fa)生情況(kuang)選擇種(zhong)衣劑(ji)(ji)，全面實(shi)(shi)行大豆(dou)種(zhong)子包衣，防(fang)治大豆(dou)土傳和苗期病蟲(chong)害(hai)。二條葉(xie)甲、蛇(she)根(gen)潛蠅發(fa)(fa)生較(jiao)(jiao)重地(di)區，使用35%多克(ke)福種(zhong)衣劑(ji)(ji)（克(ke)百(bai)威含量必須(xu)達到10%）；地(di)下害(hai)蟲(chong)發(fa)(fa)生較(jiao)(jiao)輕地(di)區，可使用2.5%咯(ge)菌腈懸浮(fu)種(zhong)衣劑(ji)(ji)；大豆(dou)根(gen)絨粉蚧發(fa)(fa)生嚴重地(di)塊，在(zai)低(di)齡若蟲(chong)出(chu)(chu)現前(qian)，每畝用3克(ke)75%吡蟲(chong)啉加(jia)60毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)48%毒(du)死蜱乳油(you)，于大豆(dou)子葉(xie)出(chu)(chu)土前(qian)和子葉(xie)展開后兩次(ci)噴施(shi)；蠐螬發(fa)(fa)生嚴重的地(di)塊，應(ying)使用辛(xin)硫磷、毒(du)死蜱等(deng)顆粒劑(ji)(ji)隨口肥施(shi)入田間進行預防(fang)。針對今春二條葉(xie)甲、蒙古灰(hui)象甲、網(wang)目沙潛、斑須(xu)蝽等(deng)害(hai)蟲(chong)在(zai)局(ju)部地(di)區可能重發(fa)(fa)的態勢，應(ying)加(jia)大防(fang)治力度，每畝可用50毫(hao)(hao)升(sheng)3%啶蟲(chong)咪(mi)對水噴霧防(fang)治。地(di)老虎(hu)可在(zai)大豆(dou)幼苗期采用青草(cao)誘(you)殺(sha)，割青草(cao)間隔5米堆放，在(zai)堆底(di)噴灑(sa)80%敵敵畏(wei)300倍液(ye)，也可實(shi)(shi)施(shi)人工捕殺(sha)。