端牢中國人自己的飯碗，種子是關鍵，必須把種源安全提升到關系國家安全的戰略高度。習近平總書記考察南繁工作時強調：“良種在促進糧食增產方面具有十分關鍵的作用，要從源頭上保障國家糧食安全”。經過“戶戶留種”“四自一輔”“四化一供”以及種子產業化等發展階段，中國種業已步入種業現代化的深化改革階段。與種業發達國家相比，我國種業自主創新水平尚存在一定差距，特別是核心技術創新不足，亟須加大育種核心技術創新。為此，我國全面實施種業振興行動，致力于實現種業科技自立自強(qiang)、種(zhong)(zhong)源自主可控，打(da)好種(zhong)(zhong)業翻身仗，推動我國(guo)由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)業大國(guo)向種(zhong)(zhong)業強(qiang)國(guo)邁進。

      1

      國家戰略驅動力

      全面實施種業振興行動，生物育種技術創新是種業振興戰略的突破口。近年來，國家高度重視種業振興行動并制定一系列種業發展支持政策，如修訂實施新《種子法》、全面實施《種業振興行動方案》，為種業發展創造了良好的政策環境。以轉基因為代表的生物育種技術成為增強種業核心競爭力、把握種業發展主動權的國家重大科技戰略。早在2006年，國務院發布《國家中長期科學和技術發展規劃綱要（2006—2020年）》，把轉基因生物新品種培育列為16個國家科技重大專項之一，2008年國務院批準啟動實施轉基因生物新品種培育科技重大專項。2021年發布的國家“十四五”規劃綱要明確指出，要加快發展生物醫藥、生物育種、生物材料、生物能源等產業，并將生物育種列入八大前沿領域之一。2022年，《農業轉基因生物安全評價管理辦法》《主要農作物品種審定辦法》《農作物種子生產經營許可管理辦法》《農業植物品種命名規定》等4項修改后的規章制度正式實施，標志著中國生物育種產業化的大門已經正式開啟。2023年中央“一號文件”明確提出，要全面實施生物育種重大項目，加快玉米大豆生物育種產業化(hua)步伐，我(wo)國生物育種產業化(hua)進入快車道。

      2

      技術創新驅動力

      我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)亟(ji)須加快(kuai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術創新，實現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)跨越式發展(zhan)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)十八大(da)(da)(da)以(yi)來(lai)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發展(zhan)取得巨大(da)(da)(da)成就，背后的(de)(de)巨大(da)(da)(da)支(zhi)撐力量(liang)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)創新，尤其是依賴(lai)先進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)得到飛(fei)速發展(zhan)。但是相對于部(bu)分發達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家已經逐漸進(jin)入4.0智能(neng)(neng)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時代(dai)(dai)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術仍處(chu)于以(yi)雜交育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和分子技(ji)(ji)術輔助選育(yu)為主的(de)(de)2.0時代(dai)(dai)向3.0時代(dai)(dai)過(guo)渡的(de)(de)階段。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)創新差距(ju)主要(yao)體現(xian)在基(ji)(ji)礎研(yan)究(jiu)缺少源頭(tou)創新、關(guan)鍵核(he)心專利被國(guo)(guo)(guo)外掌(zhang)控、缺乏具有(you)重大(da)(da)(da)應用前景的(de)(de)突破性新品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等方面。截至2021年，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在基(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)編輯育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、基(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)組選擇育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、設計育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)領(ling)域(yu)發表的(de)(de)論(lun)文(wen)(wen)數量(liang)占本(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術相關(guan)論(lun)文(wen)(wen)總量(liang)的(de)(de)?18%，而(er)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)這一比例高達34%；我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)僅(jin)持有(you)全球7%?的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)相關(guan)核(he)心專利，而(er)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)占比高達80%。據歐盟委員會新基(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)技(ji)(ji)術數據平(ping)臺預測(ce)，未來(lai)5—10年全球將(jiang)有(you)150余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)編輯產(chan)品投放市場，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)可上(shang)市產(chan)品數量(liang)不及美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)16%。未來(lai)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發展(zhan)應搶抓以(yi)基(ji)(ji)因(yin)(yin)編輯、合成生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學、人工智能(neng)(neng)等技(ji)(ji)術融合發展(zhan)為標(biao)志的(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)革命，加快(kuai)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術創新，實現(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)自立自強。

      3

      市場需求驅動力

      中國種業市場仍將穩步增長，種業市場高端化趨勢愈發顯著。根據全球農業市場調研公司Kynetec統計數據，到2025年，中國種業市場規模將增長至732億元，年均復合增速約為5.8%，在全球市場占比將提升至21.37%。根據《2022年中國農作物種業發展報告》，中國的水稻和小麥種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)實現了自(zi)給自(zi)足，玉(yu)米和大(da)(da)豆種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)幾乎自(zi)給自(zi)足，但(dan)仍(reng)有(you)15%的(de)(de)蔬菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)依然依賴進(jin)口，高(gao)(gao)端蔬菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)口依賴尤(you)其(qi)嚴重(zhong)。2021年(nian)中國蔬菜(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)口額高(gao)(gao)達2.4億美元，占(zhan)中國農作物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)口總額的(de)(de)35.3%；胡(hu)蘿卜、菠菜(cai)(cai)、西蘭(lan)花、洋蔥、甜椒(jiao)、番(fan)茄、茄子(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)大(da)(da)棚設施蔬菜(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)進(jin)口種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)占(zhan)比都在80%-90%。主(zhu)糧種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)領域，以我(wo)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積最廣的(de)(de)玉(yu)米為例(li)，由于極端氣(qi)候多(duo)(duo)發(fa)、規模種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)主(zhu)體增加，穩產(chan)、多(duo)(duo)抗、宜(yi)機(ji)收等(deng)復合性狀的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)端品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價格高(gao)(gao)、溢價能力強(qiang)，而低端同質化(hua)(hua)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)積壓嚴重(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市場的(de)(de)兩(liang)極分(fen)化(hua)(hua)態勢推動了種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市場的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)端化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)。

      4

      要素供給驅動力

      中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)亟需培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)批具(ju)有世界(jie)競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)龍頭(tou)(tou)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。相對(dui)于國(guo)(guo)際(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)巨頭(tou)(tou)通過種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技創新不(bu)斷提升(sheng)市(shi)場(chang)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)度從(cong)而鞏固全球種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)規律(lv)，我國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場(chang)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)度明顯偏(pian)低(di)。根據(ju)全國(guo)(guo)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)推(tui)廣服務中(zhong)(zhong)心數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，截(jie)至2022年(nian)底，全國(guo)(guo)持(chi)有效種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)生產(chan)經營(ying)許可證的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)(shu)量為7372家，相比(bi)2010年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)8700家，整體種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)(shu)量呈現下降趨勢。種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)CR5（隆平高科(ke)、大北農、登海種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、農發(fa)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與荃銀(yin)高科(ke)）由(you)2021年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)19.3%提升(sheng)至2022年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)21.3%。但是(shi)與國(guo)(guo)際(ji)CR5的(de)(de)(de)52%的(de)(de)(de)水平相比(bi)還(huan)有很大的(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)空間。我國(guo)(guo)將進一(yi)(yi)步培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)“育(yu)(yu)(yu)繁(fan)推(tui)”一(yi)(yi)體化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，扶持(chi)國(guo)(guo)家種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)陣型企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)，深(shen)入實施種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)扶優行動，培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)更多具(ju)有世界(jie)競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)龍頭(tou)(tou)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)參與全球種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)。

      來(lai)源：“中國種業(ye)”微信公眾(zhong)號投稿

      作者文責(ze)自負

      作者簡介：

      崔園園，女(nv)，博(bo)士，上(shang)海(hai)發(fa)展(zhan)戰略(lve)研(yan)究所助理研(yan)究員。長期跟蹤國際(ji)化大都市農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)經驗、三產融合、種源農(nong)業(ye)等(deng)相關(guan)研(yan)究。主持上(shang)海(hai)哲社、科(ke)委(wei)、發(fa)展(zhan)研(yan)究中心等(deng)省部級課題5項，參(can)與(yu)上(shang)海(hai)農(nong)委(wei)、住建委(wei)等(deng)鄉村發(fa)展(zhan)相關(guan)課題多(duo)項。