本文刊載于《陜西(xi)農業科學》2023,69(01):78-84,104
張學(xue)信1 王(wang)國興2 李清林(lin)1
1 楊(yang)(yang)凌智(zhi)種農作物科學研(yan)究所,陜(shan)西楊(yang)(yang)凌
糯玉米(ZeamaysL.var.ceratina Kulesh)最早起源于中國,經(jing)過長(chang)期的(de)種植(zhi)(zhi)發展與育種改良,目前已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)我國重要的(de)鮮食作(zuo)物(wu)之一。重點介紹了我國糯玉米(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)株與籽粒的(de)形(xing)態特(te)(te)征(zheng),描述了其(qi)籽粒品質特(te)(te)性(xing),分析了其(qi)經(jing)蒸煮后(hou)食用時的(de)粘軟(ruan)質地(di)和籽粒甜度形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)分子機制,闡述了其(qi)成(cheng)熟(shu)干燥后(hou)籽粒晦暗不透明以及胚乳(ru)遇碘溶液(ye)顯紅(hong)褐(he)色的(de)原理,并(bing)對其(qi)種質特(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)遺傳研究工作(zuo)以及品質改良方向提出(chu)了參考意見(jian)。
國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以農(nong)為(wei)本，農(nong)以種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)先。種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)是確保糧食(shi)安全(quan)(quan)乃至國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。據聯合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)及(ji)(ji)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)組織資料顯示，良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)是推(tui)動全(quan)(quan)球作物(wu)產(chan)量顯著提升的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因素(su)，良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)增產(chan)貢獻率在20世紀達(da)到了50%。生物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)是利用(yong)各(ge)(ge)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),俗稱(cheng)“粘玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”和“蠟質(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”,學(xue)名為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(Zea mays L.sinensis Kulesh),也有(you)學(xue)者(zhe)稱(cheng)“糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)質(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”,最早起源(yuan)于(yu)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)南地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)云南、貴州、廣(guang)西(xi)等地,經(jing)過長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)傳(chuan)播,現今已遍及(ji)(ji)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)各(ge)(ge)地。相比普(pu)通玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源(yuan)豐富(fu)(fu),籽(zi)粒(li)(li)品(pin)質(zhi)優良(liang),其(qi)鮮果(guo)穗蒸(zheng)煮食(shi)用(yong)時(shi),籽(zi)粒(li)(li)營養(yang)豐富(fu)(fu),粘軟(ruan)且有(you)甜度,色(se)香味美,適口性(xing)好。近年以前(qian),我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)民(min)零(ling)散(san)種(zhong)(zhong)植糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)主要(yao)是用(yong)于(yu)蒸(zheng)煮鮮食(shi)或做(zuo)湯菜(cai)輔(fu)料,其(qi)鮮果(guo)穗被采收后剩下的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)秸(jie)稈(gan)常用(yong)于(yu)飼養(yang)牲畜。隨著近年來高營養(yang)價(jia)值和品(pin)類(lei)多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮食(shi)作物(wu)產(chan)品(pin)逐漸受到各(ge)(ge)地消費民(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)歡迎,糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范化種(zhong)(zhong)植與(yu)規(gui)模化生產(chan)在國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內逐漸普(pu)及(ji)(ji),其(qi)鮮果(guo)穗加工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)開(kai)始發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)起步,糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)逐漸成為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)各(ge)(ge)地人(ren)民(min)喜食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮食(shi)食(shi)品(pin)。同時(shi),因部分(fen)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)籽(zi)粒(li)(li)中富(fu)(fu)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)和支(zhi)鏈淀粉(fen)以及(ji)(ji)花青(qing)素(su)等物(wu)質(zhi)成分(fen)具有(you)很(hen)(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)價(jia)值和廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)途,糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)正逐漸成為(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飼用(yong)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)型經(jing)濟(ji)作物(wu),其(qi)產(chan)品(pin)深加工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)也具有(you)很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)景(jing)。
目前,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積已經(jing)位居(ju)世(shi)界第一,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與(yu)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)良工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)也領先世(shi)界。國(guo)(guo)(guo)外對(dui)(dui)(dui)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)與(yu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)利(li)(li)用(yong)最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)(guo)(guo),美國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)最(zui)早(zao)被命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)蠟質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)”,是(shi)(shi)由中國(guo)(guo)(guo)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)傳(chuan)(chuan)入并(bing)發展起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食用(yong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)較小,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)生產加工(gong)支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen),因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方(fang)(fang)面所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)也主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)集中在(zai)(zai)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)籽(zi)粒胚乳特(te)性(xing)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)分(fen)子調(diao)控,包括控制支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)生物合成基因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)克隆以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)籽(zi)粒胚乳淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)合成路(lu)徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)調(diao)控路(lu)徑等(deng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熟化(hua)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及變(bian)性(xing)加工(gong)利(li)(li)用(yong)技術等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)期在(zai)(zai)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)良方(fang)(fang)面做了較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),促進(jin)了鮮食糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)和改(gai)良工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。近(jin)年來,國(guo)(guo)(guo)內食品輕工(gong)業(ye)和化(hua)工(gong)產業(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)與(yu)保健和醫(yi)藥產業(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)植(zhi)物花青素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)量逐年增加,也加快了糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)和花青素(su)深(shen)加工(gong)產業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,為(wei)(wei)適(shi)應糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)產業(ye)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發展和市(shi)場(chang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)總量以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及市(shi)場(chang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)及其深(shen)加工(gong)產品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷提高,需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)加強糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)及其遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)機(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)輔助開展種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)搜集利(li)(li)用(yong)和高產優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)。筆者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)前人研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)株與(yu)籽(zi)粒形(xing)態(tai)特(te)征以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及籽(zi)粒品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)性(xing)狀(zhuang)方(fang)(fang)面表(biao)現出的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)進(jin)行(xing)了詳細綜述(shu),并(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)部分(fen)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及分(fen)子機(ji)制進(jin)行(xing)了分(fen)析和闡述(shu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)期為(wei)(wei)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)和育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)良工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)提供參考意見。
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形(xing)態(tai)特征(zheng)
植株形態特征
我國糯玉米種質資源豐富且分布廣泛,不同地方品種之間在形態、產量和抗逆性狀等方面表現出的差異較大[12],從大的種植區域層面來看,西南地區的糯玉米多屬于繁茂類型,表型植株高大,生育期偏長,不同品種之間在株高、穗位、葉片數方面表現出的變異很大,果穗多呈長錐型,對大、小斑病和絲黑穗病表現一定的抗性或耐受性[12,13]。以勐海四路糯為代表的部分農家種還表現出一系列的玉米原始性狀,如具有分蘗和長種子的(de)雄穗等,類似于普通玉(yu)米的(de)返祖現(xian)象。在北(bei)方(fang)以(yi)及東北(bei)地區(qu),多數糯(nuo)玉(yu)米地方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)則屬于中(zhong)低(di)產類型(xing),其株高和雌穗的(de)高度(du)偏(pian)(pian)低(di),品(pin)種(zhong)間農藝性(xing)狀的(de)變(bian)異相對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)小,生育期偏(pian)(pian)短或中(zhong)等,果穗偏(pian)(pian)小,對(dui)當地病蟲害(hai)的(de)抗性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差。這些不同地區(qu)地方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)植株形(xing)態特(te)征(zheng)是我(wo)國(guo)糯(nuo)玉(yu)米對(dui)不同地區(qu)自然氣候與生態環境的(de)適應性(xing)表現(xian),也是各地區(qu)地方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)在其植株形(xing)態特(te)征(zheng)方(fang)面表現(xian)出的(de)種(zhong)質(zhi)特(te)性(xing)。
圖 1 糯玉米籽(zi)粒胚乳淀(dian)粉(fen)合(he)成(cheng)的(de)遺傳與(yu)分子調控機制
綠(lv)線(xian)和實線(xian)表示(shi)正常,紅(虛)線(xian)表示(shi)缺(que)失或推測。
籽粒形態特征
根(gen)據籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)態與(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)特征進行劃分(fen),我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)品(pin)種(zhong)可以(yi)分(fen)為硬粒型(xing)、馬(ma)齒型(xing)、半馬(ma)齒型(xing),籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒顏色(se)(se)有黃(huang)、白、棕、紅(hong)、紫(zi)、粉(fen)、花紋等(deng)常(chang)見(jian)顏色(se)(se)和(he)藍、綠、黑等(deng)稀有顏色(se)(se)。硬粒型(xing)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)品(pin)種(zhong)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角質(zhi)(zhi)化程度(du)較高,未完全(quan)干(gan)燥(zao)時胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)堅硬,呈(cheng)半透明狀,完全(quan)干(gan)燥(zao)時胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)呈(cheng)蠟質(zhi)(zhi)狀,不透明,種(zhong)子表皮晦暗無光澤。籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒完全(quan)干(gan)燥(zao)前后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)狀態變(bian)化是(shi)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)特性之(zhi)一,這可能與(yu)其糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淀粉(fen)結構(gou)組成及質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)有關。普通玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淀粉(fen)是(shi)由22%~28%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)鏈(lian)淀粉(fen)顆粒和(he)72%~78%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀粉(fen)顆粒組成,遇碘(dian)液呈(cheng)藍黑色(se)(se),而糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)中幾乎(hu)不含直(zhi)鏈(lian)淀粉(fen),全(quan)是(shi)支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀粉(fen),遇碘(dian)液呈(cheng)紫(zi)紅(hong)色(se)(se)或紅(hong)褐色(se)(se)。糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮果穗經蒸煮(zhu)食用時,籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒粘軟香甜,粘軟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口感品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)由接近100%支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀粉(fen)含量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),香甜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口感品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)由于其籽(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)粒中還含有豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糖分(fen)、脂肪(fang)酸(suan)、氨基酸(suan)與(yu)蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)其他物質(zhi)(zhi)成分(fen)。
2
品質特(te)性
莖葉品質特性
有經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育種家(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)養(yang)殖戶(hu)發(fa)現(xian),糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莖(jing)葉(xie)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛、羊(yang)等(deng)(deng)反芻(chu)動物(wu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青飼(si)(si)(si)料時(shi),不但(dan)營養(yang)價值(zhi)高,而(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)易被家(jia)(jia)(jia)畜消化(hua)吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)。后(hou)(hou)來有研究報道,糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)全(quan)株(zhu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛、羊(yang)牲(sheng)畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青飼(si)(si)(si)或青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料時(shi),其飼(si)(si)(si)用(yong)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)要(yao)優(you)于(yu)(yu)現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糧飼(si)(si)(si)兼用(yong)型與青貯專用(yong)型玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)在(zai)鮮(xian)果穗(sui)(sui)(sui)采收(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)全(quan)株(zhu)莖(jing)葉(xie)都可(ke)以(yi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)割(ge)并作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青飼(si)(si)(si)料,而(er)(er)且(qie)(qie),鮮(xian)果穗(sui)(sui)(sui)采收(shou)(shou)(shou)有利于(yu)(yu)莖(jing)稈(gan)和(he)葉(xie)片(pian)干(gan)物(wu)質(zhi)產量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高與飼(si)(si)(si)用(yong)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改善。首先,相(xiang)比(bi)未采收(shou)(shou)(shou)鮮(xian)果穗(sui)(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)植株(zhu),采收(shou)(shou)(shou)鮮(xian)果穗(sui)(sui)(sui)后(hou)(hou)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)植株(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莖(jing)葉(xie)干(gan)物(wu)質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量有所增加(jia),且(qie)(qie)莖(jing)葉(xie)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非結構性(xing)碳(tan)水(shui)化(hua)合物(wu)(nonstructuralcarbohydrates,NSC)和(he)可(ke)溶性(xing)碳(tan)水(shui)化(hua)合物(wu)(watersolublecarbohydrates,WSC)均(jun)呈現(xian)增長趨勢,同時(shi),中(zhong)性(xing)洗滌(di)纖維(wei)(wei)(neutraldetergentfiber,NDF)、酸性(xing)洗滌(di)纖維(wei)(wei)(aciddetergentfiber,ADF)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)粗蛋白(crudeprotein,CP)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)(han)量也均(jun)有所改善,因此,糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莖(jing)葉(xie)在(zai)鮮(xian)果穗(sui)(sui)(sui)采收(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)適宜(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛、羊(yang)等(deng)(deng)家(jia)(jia)(jia)畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青飼(si)(si)(si)料,不僅(jin)營養(yang)價值(zhi)提高,而(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)易于(yu)(yu)牛、羊(yang)消化(hua)吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)。我國糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種質(zhi)資源十分豐富,除普(pu)通糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)品(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莖(jing)葉(xie)適宜(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛、羊(yang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料之外,也有一些(xie)特異品(pin)(pin)種資源,比(bi)如莖(jing)葉(xie)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)富含(han)(han)(han)花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料,可(ke)以(yi)通過深加(jia)工(gong)開發(fa)植物(wu)花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)類(lei)高經濟(ji)價值(zhi)產品(pin)(pin)。筆者所在(zai)團隊已(yi)經培育出(chu)莖(jing)稈(gan)、苞葉(xie)(鞘)、穗(sui)(sui)(sui)軸等(deng)(deng)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)器官中(zhong)富含(han)(han)(han)紫色與紫黑(hei)色花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高產糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)品(pin)(pin)種,莖(jing)稈(gan)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)萃取(qu)工(gong)藝,可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)中(zhong)提取(qu)含(han)(han)(han)量與純度均(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)粉(fen)末(mo)產品(pin)(pin)。玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)植株(zhu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)具(ju)有豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)價值(zhi),且(qie)(qie)具(ju)有防細胞衰老與抗(kang)氧化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),可(ke)以(yi)根據花(hua)青素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色類(lei)型以(yi)及(ji)(ji)營養(yang)及(ji)(ji)藥理功能(neng)性(xing)質(zhi),用(yong)于(yu)(yu)開發(fa)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)(pin)與醫藥產品(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)。
籽粒品質特性
糯玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮籽(zi)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)富含(han)脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)與多(duo)種(zhong)氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),蒸(zheng)煮熟化后會有(you)(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)糯香味,吃起來粘軟可(ke)口,同時,鮮籽(zi)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)果糖(tang)和(he)蔗糖(tang)等(deng)可(ke)溶性糖(tang),食用(yong)時微甜至甘甜。相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)普(pu)通(tong)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi),糯玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)籽(zi)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)與粗脂(zhi)肪含(han)量相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao),蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)籽(zi)粒干(gan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)百(bai)分比(bi)(bi))的(de)(de)(de)(de)變幅也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da),從7%到14.5%不等(deng),平(ping)均值較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)普(pu)通(tong)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)和(he)由opaque-2(o2)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)蛋(dan)白(bai)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(qualityproteinmaize,QPM)略微偏(pian)低。早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究表明,在氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類和(he)含(han)量(氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)占(zhan)籽(zi)粒干(gan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)百(bai)分比(bi)(bi)或100g蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)克數(shu))方面,糯玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)普(pu)通(tong)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi),其籽(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)谷氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)與苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),而(er)胚(pei)乳(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)相(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脯(fu)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、甘氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)與天(tian)冬氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),而(er)且,胚(pei)乳(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)含(han)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)幅范圍較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da),由低(16%)到高(gao)(gao)(gao)(74%)不等(deng),相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)QPM,糯玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)籽(zi)粒胚(pei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao),胚(pei)乳(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亮氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。
關于(yu)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)籽粒(li)(li)中(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)成分的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)與營(ying)養價(jia)值,前人(ren)依據國(guo)外科(ke)學(xue)家對玉(yu)米(mi)籽粒(li)(li)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)組分中(zhong)氨(an)基酸的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)及含(han)量構(gou)成特點的(de)(de)(de)研究結果推斷,我國(guo)現有的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種類(lei)(lei)型玉(yu)米(mi)中(zhong),糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)籽粒(li)(li)胚(pei)(pei)中(zhong)谷蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)和(he)清蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)總含(han)量與膠原蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)含(han)量的(de)(de)(de)比值應介(jie)于(yu)普(pu)通(tong)玉(yu)米(mi)和(he)QPM 之(zhi)間,胚(pei)(pei)乳中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)情況與胚(pei)(pei)中(zhong)基本一(yi)致,由于(yu)谷蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)和(he)清蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)屬于(yu)水溶性或鹽(yan)溶性蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai),易被(bei)人(ren)和(he)動(dong)物消化(hua)吸收(shou),膠原蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)屬于(yu)醇(chun)溶蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai),難以被(bei)人(ren)和(he)動(dong)物消化(hua)吸收(shou),因此,糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)米(mi)籽粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)營(ying)養價(jia)值,介(jie)于(yu)普(pu)通(tong)玉(yu)米(mi)和(he)優質(zhi)(zhi)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)玉(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)籽粒(li)(li)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)營(ying)養價(jia)值之(zhi)間,其籽粒(li)(li)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)可以通(tong)過(guo)育種改良繼續提高。
3
種(zhong)質機理
略
4
種(zhong)質改良
1 種質研究方向
我(wo)(wo)國糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種質特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)主要集中(zhong)在(zai)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)籽粒淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)合成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)遺傳(chuan)調(diao)控(kong)以(yi)及成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)面,針對(dui)(dui)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)籽粒支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)特(te)征及其加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)利用(yong)(yong)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較少。近年(nian)來,育種家調(diao)查發現,國內很多(duo)食品加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業對(dui)(dui)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)變(bian)性(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)需求量(liang)逐年(nian)增加(jia)(jia),支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)利用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)向也主要是生(sheng)產變(bian)性(xing)(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),變(bian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)繼(ji)續用(yong)(yong)于生(sheng)產食品添加(jia)(jia)劑及相(xiang)關(guan)產品。生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)常見的(de)(de)(de)牛奶、醬油(you)、豆醬、動植物罐頭(tou)類食品等均會用(yong)(yong)到(dao)變(bian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。目前,我(wo)(wo)國食品加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業及相(xiang)關(guan)產業對(dui)(dui)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)需求量(liang)急劇上升,然而我(wo)(wo)國還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)開展(zhan)(zhan)針對(dui)(dui)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)系統研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),例如分(fen)(fen)子(zi)結構(gou)(gou)類型(xing)、物理(li)性(xing)(xing)質以(yi)及變(bian)性(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術等。由于籽粒胚(pei)(pei)乳淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)含量(liang)所占胚(pei)(pei)乳干(gan)物質重(zhong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)百分(fen)(fen)比(bi)和(he)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)量(liang)與(yu)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)空間結構(gou)(gou)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng),均會對(dui)(dui)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)提取加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝成(cheng)(cheng)本及加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產效(xiao)益(yi)產生(sheng)影響,因此,糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)籽粒支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)在(zai)胚(pei)(pei)乳中(zhong)所占的(de)(de)(de)百分(fen)(fen)比(bi)以(yi)及支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)種類與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)等性(xing)(xing)狀,都應(ying)被納入(ru)糯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)種質特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)范疇并盡(jin)快開展(zhan)(zhan)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。
同時,開(kai)發創制(zhi)籽(zi)(zi)粒胚乳支(zhi)鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉含(han)量占比(bi)百(bai)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資源也應成為當(dang)前(qian)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質特(te)性(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點,筆(bi)者團隊已經在(zai)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)獲(huo)得了這類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質,經品(pin)質鑒(jian)定機構檢驗(yan)檢測(ce)認定,籽(zi)(zi)粒胚乳中(zhong)支(zhi)鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉占淀(dian)(dian)粉比(bi)例為百(bai)分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)百(bai)。除(chu)此之(zhi)(zhi)外,糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)向(xiang),還(huan)(huan)應包括糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)籽(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)質,以及莖(jing)葉中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)異食(shi)(shi)用(yong)及藥用(yong)成分(fen)及其(qi)營養價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)鑒(jian)定與(yu)開(kai)發利用(yong)等(deng)。有(you)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作者與(yu)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)很(hen)(hen)早就開(kai)始關注并研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)味(wei)品(pin)質特(te)性(xing),并對(dui)(dui)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)鮮(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)味(wei)成分(fen)及其(qi)分(fen)布規(gui)律(lv)和遺傳決定基(ji)因等(deng)進(jin)行了研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)探索,并將發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺傳規(gui)律(lv)應用(yong)于育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實踐。還(huan)(huan)有(you)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)團隊與(yu)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)通過基(ji)因編輯等(deng)遺傳學手段開(kai)發創制(zhi)了香(xiang)味(wei)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi),在(zai)蒸(zheng)煮香(xiang)味(wei)以及食(shi)(shi)用(yong)口感上均(jun)顯著提高了糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可口性(xing),給食(shi)(shi)用(yong)者帶來全新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)味(wei)覺體驗(yan)。此外,針對(dui)(dui)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)籽(zi)(zi)粒和莖(jing)葉中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養與(yu)色澤以及其(qi)他特(te)異種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質性(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發與(yu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),還(huan)(huan)有(you)很(hen)(hen)多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作有(you)待開(kai)展與(yu)探索。比(bi)如籽(zi)(zi)粒中(zhong)葉酸和維生素C 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養價值、合成調控和含(han)量變(bian)化以及含(han)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響因素等(deng),已經成為糯(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質特(te)性(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個方(fang)向(xiang)且取得了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)展。
2 種質改良方向
近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來,隨著我國糯(nuo)(nuo)玉米種植面積的(de)(de)(de)逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加,其年(nian)(nian)總產(chan)量(liang)已經(jing)能夠滿足市(shi)場(chang)消費需求,如何提高品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)成(cheng)為其育種工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)。糯(nuo)(nuo)玉米種質(zhi)改良的(de)(de)(de)研究工作(zuo)主(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)在籽粒品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)性狀方面,筆者(zhe)整理了(le)近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來育種家關注比較多的(de)(de)(de)糯(nuo)(nuo)玉米籽粒品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)改良的(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)方向,主(zhu)要(yao)有糯(nuo)(nuo)玉米鮮籽粒和(he)熟籽粒的(de)(de)(de)葉酸(suan)含量(liang)、花青素含量(liang)和(he)蛋白質(zhi)含量(liang)以及(ji)蛋白質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)等。
關(guan)于(yu)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)葉(xie)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工作(zuo)(zuo),有(you)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)團隊根(gen)據(ju)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鮮(xian)(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)結果,對糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進行分(fen)(fen)類(lei)利(li)(li)用,將鮮(xian)(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)評價優良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)京(jing)(jing)科(ke)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)2000營(ying)養品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特性指標(biao),并(bing)將之(zhi)應用于(yu)其他優良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)品(pin)(pin)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工作(zuo)(zuo)。因(yin)此,未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)葉(xie)酸型(xing)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目(mu)標(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)葉(xie)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)超越優良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)雜交種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)京(jing)(jing)科(ke)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)2000。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)方向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鮮(xian)(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮及(ji)(ji)(ji)糊(hu)粉(fen)層花青(qing)素(su)(su)顏(yan)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性狀,同時(shi),糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)莖葉(xie)花青(qing)素(su)(su)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)加工提(ti)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)(nan)易(yi)程度等也(ye)(ye)受到了糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)花青(qing)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)一(yi)(yi)般會(hui)有(you)豐富(fu)(fu)鮮(xian)(xian)艷(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)顏(yan)色,蒸煮食(shi)用時(shi)能給人(ren)(ren)(ren)帶來很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)體(ti)驗,增強食(shi)欲,而且,有(you)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)和(he)食(shi)用者發(fa)現,飲用蒸煮花青(qing)素(su)(su)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湯汁,能夠很好(hao)地降(jiang)火祛毒,調理身體(ti)。因(yin)此,筆者們建(jian)議將花青(qing)素(su)(su)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)納入糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點方向(xiang)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),并(bing)將選育雙(shuang)親都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)花青(qing)素(su)(su)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)花青(qing)素(su)(su)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目(mu)標(biao)。第三個(ge)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)方向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鮮(xian)(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與成熟籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang),除了籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)總含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)之(zhi)外,籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)易(yi)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)和(he)動物吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)與含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)營(ying)養品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)關(guan)鍵指標(biao),有(you)些糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)很高(gao)(gao),屬(shu)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)類(lei)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)(da)成分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醇溶(rong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),不利(li)(li)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)動物消(xiao)化溶(rong)解,更難(nan)(nan)以被人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)吸(xi)收(shou)利(li)(li)用,導致這(zhe)類(lei)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)被浪費掉。國(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早期育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)現,一(yi)(yi)些賴氨酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)鮮(xian)(xian)食(shi)食(shi)物或者家(jia)(jia)禽牲畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)時(shi),其消(xiao)化吸(xi)收(shou)率和(he)營(ying)養價值(zhi)均顯著(zhu)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)普通玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),賴氨酸屬(shu)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)需氨基酸,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)構成優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要成分(fen)(fen),近年來國(guo)內外也(ye)(ye)均加大(da)(da)并(bing)加快(kuai)了對高(gao)(gao)賴氨酸玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植利(li)(li)用。因(yin)此,筆者建(jian)議加強對高(gao)(gao)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源與高(gao)(gao)賴氨酸糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)利(li)(li)用,注重改良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鮮(xian)(xian)籽(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成分(fen)(fen)構成以及(ji)(ji)(ji)富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)利(li)(li)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)消(xiao)化吸(xi)收(shou)利(li)(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)和(he)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang),并(bing)應將選育高(gao)(gao)賴氨酸糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)未來優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)糯(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)(nuo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選育目(mu)標(biao)。
5
總結展望(wang)
我國是糯玉米的起源地之一,但國內對糯玉米的育種以及種質特性的研究工作起步較晚,糯玉米的產業化發展也落后于國外。隨著國內國際市場對糯玉米鮮食產品及其深加工產品的需求總量與質量要求的不斷提高,我國糯玉米的育種、種植生產和鮮果穗加工業會呈現多元化發展,這就需要加強加快對我國糯玉米種質資源的研究利用,特別是我國西南地區的諸多傳統糯玉米種質資源。此外,由于高產、優質、多抗的聚優種質以及通過生物技術改良或改造的具有特異品質和抗逆抗病蟲害等綜合性狀表現優良的種質仍然相對匱乏,為適應種植市場對糯玉米品種產量和品質性狀以及產品類型多樣性的需求,需要加快糯玉米籽粒胚乳淀粉構成以及其他種質特性形成機理的研究,并根據相關的研究結果搜集、改良和創制更多類型的材料資源加以利用,結合轉基因和(he)基因(yin)編(bian)輯等現(xian)代生物育(yu)種(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術和(he)特種(zhong)糯(nuo)玉米的傳(chuan)統育(yu)種(zhong)原理和(he)經(jing)驗技(ji)(ji)巧,加快創(chuang)(chuang)制新(xin)型(xing)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi),豐富優異(yi)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)的資(zi)源類型(xing)。例如,近(jin)年(nian)來已有學者對糯(nuo)玉米種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)的分子進化以及遺(yi)傳(chuan)多(duo)樣性進行了系統研究和(he)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)分類利(li)用(yong),同時還有團隊通過CRISPR-Cas9技(ji)(ji)術創(chuang)(chuang)制了田間綜(zong)合農藝(yi)性狀表現(xian)優良的糯(nuo)玉米新(xin)材料。
筆者(zhe)在(zai)總結(jie)前(qian)人研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上,結(jie)合筆者(zhe)們自身的(de)(de)育種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)品種(zhong)(zhong)推廣(guang)實踐工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)過程中的(de)(de)調查結(jie)果,分(fen)析當(dang)前(qian)及未來人們的(de)(de)生活消費需(xu)求以(yi)及糯玉米(mi)及其加工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)品的(de)(de)產(chan)業發展方(fang)向,提(ti)(ti)出了(le)糯玉米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)質方(fang)面的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)仍然(ran)需(xu)要關注的(de)(de)重點,主要包括籽(zi)粒(li)支鏈(lian)(lian)淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)含量(liang)百分(fen)比以(yi)及支鏈(lian)(lian)淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)分(fen)子結(jie)構特(te)(te)性(xing)以(yi)及淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)分(fen)子構成(cheng)等,并(bing)對糯玉米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)質改良工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)提(ti)(ti)出了(le)參考方(fang)向,包括鮮籽(zi)粒(li)中花青素(su)含量(liang)和(he)(he)優質蛋白的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類與含量(liang),以(yi)及植(zhi)株莖葉的(de)(de)飼用(yong)品質和(he)(he)花青素(su)含量(liang)等。以(yi)期(qi)能為糯玉米(mi)育種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者(zhe)和(he)(he)糯玉米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)質特(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者(zhe)提(ti)(ti)供部分(fen)參考和(he)(he)借(jie)鑒。
張學信 楊凌智種農(nong)作物科學研究所,陜西楊凌
王國興 寶雞迪(di)興農業(ye)科技有限公司(si),陜西眉縣
文章源自(zi)：
張(zhang)學信(xin)等. 陜西農業(ye)科(ke)學2023,69(01):78-84,104
; DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0488-5368.2023.01.017
