一、品種(zhong)選擇

    主要有(you)明(ming)星F1、元藏(zang)、長寶、寒(han)春(chun)F1等(deng)日本進(jin)口(kou)品(pin)種(zhong)；國內(nei)品(pin)種(zhong)：珍玉(yu)巨蔥(cong)、鐵桿、墨玉(yu)巨蔥(cong)、章(zhang)丘大蔥(cong)等(deng)。

    二、播(bo)期和秧(yang)齡

    要選擇含(han)有(you)機質高的(de)(de)松(song)散肥沃的(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)。因大蔥(cong)(cong)忌重茬，前茬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過蔥(cong)(cong)蒜類作物的(de)(de)地(di)塊不能(neng)使用。進(jin)口早熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)保護(hu)地(di)栽(zai)培(pei)，于3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)底至翌(yi)年1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初收(shou)獲；大田的(de)(de)于3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)底4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至翌(yi)年1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)收(shou)獲；掌握(wo)55～60天(tian)(tian)秧(yang)齡(ling)。中熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，1～2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)收(shou)獲，掌握(wo)50～55天(tian)(tian)秧(yang)齡(ling)。晚(wan)熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中下(xia)旬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)底3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初收(shou)獲，掌握(wo)50～55天(tian)(tian)秧(yang)齡(ling)。國內品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根據(ju)收(shou)獲時間的(de)(de)不同，3、4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份可用小拱棚(peng)育(yu)苗，5、6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份，9、10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)露(lu)天(tian)(tian)育(yu)苗， 10、11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份可用溫室(shi)大棚(peng)育(yu)苗。

    三、苗床準備

    種子價格昂貴，生(sheng)產上(shang)應育苗(miao)移(yi)栽。苗(miao)床要(yao)(yao)選擇前3年內(nei)未(wei)種過(guo)(guo)蔥蒜(suan)類的土質(zhi)疏松(song)肥(fei)沃、地(di)(di)勢平坦、排灌方(fang)便的沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土田地(di)(di)，隔年深(shen)翻曬(shai)白。營養土配(pei)制，要(yao)(yao)求選用3年內(nei)未(wei)種過(guo)(guo)蔥的菜(cai)園土6份(fen)加(jia)3份(fen)充分腐(fu)熟的有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)，搗細(xi)拌(ban)勻。播前5～7天整地(di)(di)作畦(qi)。根據土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)肥(fei)力(li)狀況，80平方(fang)米的畦(qi)中施有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)20公斤，復合肥(fei)6－8公斤，均勻地(di)(di)撒在畦(qi)面上(shang)，與(yu)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)充分摻均。為防(fang)地(di)(di)下害(hai)蟲為害(hai)，應用辛(xin)硫磷乳油75——100克(ke)，加(jia)4——5倍(bei)水(shui)，拌(ban)麩皮1．5公斤，均勻地(di)(di)撒在畦(qi)面上(shang)，淺鋤(chu)一遍，再用耙(pa)子耙(pa)平，緊接(jie)著用腳踏一遍，以防(fang)灌水(shui)后凹凸不平，覆土不勻而影響(xiang)出苗(miao)，最后澆水(shui)播種。

    四、浸(jin)種(zhong)

    使用(yong)當年新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，每畝大(da)蔥用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)200克(ke)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)進行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)消毒，方法(fa)一(yi)：用(yong)40%甲醛300倍(bei)液浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3小時，浸(jin)后用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)沖凈，可(ke)(ke)預防紫斑病；方法(fa)二：用(yong)0.2%高錳(meng)酸鉀溶液浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)25分(fen)鐘(zhong)，再用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)沖凈，可(ke)(ke)殺死種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表面的(de)(de)(de)病原菌(jun)；方法(fa)三：用(yong)干凈的(de)(de)(de)紗布把種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子包好，放在50℃的(de)(de)(de)溫水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao)30分(fen)鐘(zhong)。浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao)時要不斷搖(yao)動(dong)，使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子受熱均勻。浸(jin)泡(pao)(pao)結束后，隨即用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)洗一(yi)遍，再放在20——30℃的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)泡(pao)(pao)2小時，澇出后即可(ke)(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。經(jing)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子可(ke)(ke)提前(qian)1～2天出苗。

    五(wu)、播種育苗

    撒播，播前(qian)畦內澆(jiao)(jiao)足(zu)(zu)底水(shui)(shui)，水(shui)(shui)充(chong)分(fen)滲完后，種子(zi)摻細干土或(huo)細沙均勻撒種，播種后覆(fu)土厚度0.5——1厘(li)米，之后覆(fu)地(di)膜(mo)或(huo)扣拱棚以(yi)(yi)增(zeng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保墑(di)，保持(chi)土壤水(shui)(shui)分(fen)充(chong)足(zu)(zu)。待蔥芽(ya)露(lu)頭時，立即把地(di)膜(mo)揭去。種子(zi)萌動到子(zi)葉(xie)(xie)伸直期溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度宜(yi)7℃以(yi)(yi)上，最適(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度20℃。出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)達60％以(yi)(yi)上時及時揭去地(di)膜(mo)。第(di)一片真葉(xie)(xie)至移栽前(qian)，掌(zhang)握適(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)17～25℃。做好(hao)間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)工作，第(di)一次(ci)間(jian)去密(mi)度較高的苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，第(di)二次(ci)定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，去病苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)劣質苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。當幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)具2～3片葉(xie)(xie)時，結合(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，追(zhui)施(shi)1～2公斤尿(niao)素或(huo)復(fu)合(he)肥。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期返(fan)青(qing)(qing)水(shui)(shui)不宜(yi)過早，應在日(ri)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)13℃以(yi)(yi)上時進(jin)行，以(yi)(yi)免地(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)降低(di)導致蔥葉(xie)(xie)發黃。在越冬前(qian)澆(jiao)(jiao)越冬水(shui)(shui)未追(zhui)肥的，可結合(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)返(fan)青(qing)(qing)水(shui)(shui)追(zhui)施(shi)返(fan)青(qing)(qing)肥，即稱“提苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)肥”，促進(jin)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。然(ran)后注意蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，促進(jin)根系生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)15天(tian)后，幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)進(jin)入(ru)旺(wang)盛生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期，生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速度顯著加快，應逐漸增(zeng)加灌水(shui)(shui)次(ci)數，每畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)尿(niao)素3-5千克左(zuo)右，以(yi)(yi)滿足(zu)(zu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)需要(yao)。但(dan)在定植10～15天(tian)前(qian)，要(yao)注意控制肥水(shui)(shui)，防止蔥苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)發嫩，定植后成活率降低(di)。當蔥苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)有8～9片葉(xie)(xie)時應停止澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，鍛(duan)煉幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)準備(bei)定植。大(da)蔥育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床原則上不使用除草劑(ji)，但(dan)在育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后期，如雜(za)草過多，可考慮適(shi)(shi)當使用高效蓋(gai)草能等除草劑(ji)殺(sha)滅(mie)雜(za)草。每畝(mu)育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)用種可供7-8畝(mu)左(zuo)右大(da)田栽植。　　

    六、病蟲防治　　

    防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)害 苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)要做到勤觀察、早(zao)發(fa)現、早(zao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，保證苗(miao)(miao)全、苗(miao)(miao)齊、苗(miao)(miao)壯。苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)病(bing)害主要有立枯病(bing)、灰霉病(bing)，在發(fa)病(bing)初(chu)期(qi)可(ke)用(yong)50%多菌(jun)靈(ling)可(ke)濕性粉(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)1500～2000倍(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)施。大蔥霜霉病(bing)可(ke)用(yong)百菌(jun)請、多菌(jun)靈(ling)、甲霜銅、殺(sha)毒(du)礬、乙磷(lin)鋁(lv)及高效(xiao)蔥菌(jun)凈等藥劑(ji)(ji)(ji)噴(pen)灑。病(bing)毒(du)病(bing)是(shi)由刺吸式口器昆蟲(chong)傳播(如蚜蟲(chong))，應注意(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)害蟲(chong)主要有蔥薊馬和(he)潛葉(xie)蠅，可(ke)用(yong)1.8%阿維(wei)菌(jun)素乳油2000倍(bei)液(ye)加10%吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉可(ke)濕性粉(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)1000倍(bei)液(ye)進行噴(pen)霧防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。