旱地小麥因干旱缺水，供(gong)肥(fei)供(gong)水能(neng)力(li)差，產量(liang)低而(er)不穩，但卻蘊(yun)藏著很大的增產潛力(li)。那(nei)么，如(ru)何提(ti)高旱地小麥(mai)產量(liang)呢？

      1.深(shen)(shen)淺輪耕(geng)(geng)，以(yi)土蓄水(shui)　深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)可(ke)以(yi)打破(po)犁底層(ceng)，增加透水(shui)性，加大蓄水(shui)量，并能促進(jin)根系下扎和擴大根系吸(xi)收范圍(wei)，提高水(shui)肥(fei)利用率(lv)。但深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)因(yin)地因(yin)時制宜，一(yi)般在整地早、降水(shui)多、墑(di)(di)情足的年份(fen)宜深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)，耕(geng)(geng)深(shen)(shen)22~25厘米，耕(geng)(geng)后(hou)接著耙實、耢平；耕(geng)(geng)后(hou)少雨干(gan)旱，往往會因(yin)土壤不實而嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)失(shi)墑(di)(di)，以(yi)至耕(geng)(geng)多深(shen)(shen)干(gan)多深(shen)(shen)，結(jie)果深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)不如淺耕(geng)(geng)好。實踐證明，旱地小麥(mai)(mai)在3~4年時間(jian)里，遇足墑(di)(di)深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)一(yi)年，以(yi)后(hou)淺耕(geng)(geng)2~3年，既能達到(dao)深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)改(gai)土的目的，又增加了沉土保(bao)墑(di)(di)的機會，是旱麥(mai)(mai)增產(chan)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)措施。

      2.增施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)，以肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)調水　旱地(di)(di)麥田要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)多施(shi)(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，配(pei)方(fang)施(shi)(shi)足無機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，尤其(qi)要(yao)(yao)施(shi)(shi)足磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，以改良土壤，培(pei)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)地(di)(di)力，提高(gao)蓄水保肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)能力和(he)水分(fen)的(de)利用率(lv)。一般(ban)地(di)(di)塊，每畝(mu)可(ke)(ke)施(shi)(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)2500~3000千(qian)(qian)克(ke)，碳銨和(he)過磷酸鈣各50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)，并酌情配(pei)施(shi)(shi)適量(liang)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)微(wei)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)；如(ru)果地(di)(di)力差，可(ke)(ke)在三(san)四(si)年(nian)內連續畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)標準氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)40~60千(qian)(qian)克(ke)，磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50~100千(qian)(qian)克(ke)。旱地(di)(di)高(gao)產(chan)麥田，可(ke)(ke)采取(qu)“一炮(pao)轟”的(de)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方(fang)法，即將全部肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)結合整地(di)(di)一次性施(shi)(shi)入(ru)土壤作基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，其(qi)中氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)要(yao)(yao)適當深施(shi)(shi)，磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)淺施(shi)(shi)，以利培(pei)育冬前壯苗。

      3.選用良種(zhong)(zhong)，以種(zhong)(zhong)濟(ji)水(shui)　抗(kang)旱品種(zhong)(zhong)多具有根系發達，葉片窄狹，表皮厚，氣(qi)孔小(xiao)，呼吸強(qiang)度及蒸騰(teng)作用弱，分蘗力強(qiang)，成穗(sui)率(lv)高等特(te)點(dian)，能較好(hao)地適應缺水(shui)少肥的旱地環境；據各地對(dui)比調查，種(zhong)(zhong)植抗(kang)旱品種(zhong)(zhong)比種(zhong)(zhong)植不抗(kang)旱的品種(zhong)(zhong)，一般增產20%~30%。

      4.適(shi)(shi)(shi)時適(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，以(yi)苗（株(zhu)）節水　旱地小(xiao)麥(mai)群(qun)體自動(dong)調節能力差，其(qi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期和播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)范圍相應(ying)(ying)地比水澆地小(xiao)麥(mai)要窄；通過適(shi)(shi)(shi)時、適(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，建立(li)苗、株(zhu)、穗(sui)、粒合理的(de)(de)(de)節水省肥型的(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體結構(gou)，是旱麥(mai)增(zeng)產的(de)(de)(de)中心環節。實踐證明，冬(dong)性品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)在日平均氣(qi)溫(wen)穩定(ding)在16~18℃時播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這樣，可(ke)以(yi)保證冬(dong)前0℃以(yi)上有效積(ji)溫(wen)在600℃以(yi)上，主莖葉達(da)到(dao)6~8片；弱冬(dong)性品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)適(shi)(shi)(shi)當晚播(bo)3~5天。在適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期范圍內，每畝(mu)基本苗控(kong)制(zhi)在15萬左右(you)，播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偏早的(de)(de)(de)減少1~2萬，播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偏晚的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)2~3萬，晚茬(cha)麥(mai)可(ke)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)20~25萬；冬(dong)前畝(mu)莖數一(yi)般要控(kong)制(zhi)在最后成穗(sui)數的(de)(de)(de)2~2.5倍。

      5.推廣旱作新技術，抗旱保水　一是播前進行抗旱鍛煉：用清水40份，分三次拌入100份麥種中，每次加水后，都要先經過一定時間的吸收，然后在15~20℃條件下風干到原來的重量。這樣，可使小麥對干旱條件產生較強的適應反應，從而增強抗旱能力。二是采用藥劑處理種子：（1）保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)劑拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)。每(mei)畝用(yong)保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)劑50克(ke)(ke)(ke)，加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，與麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)拌(ban)勻(yun)(yun)后(hou)播種(zhong)(zhong)，一(yi)般(ban)增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)10%以(yi)上，高者可達(da)25%；（2）黃腐酸（又叫抗旱(han)劑1號）拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)黃腐酸200克(ke)(ke)(ke)，加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，拌(ban)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，拌(ban)勻(yun)(yun)后(hou)晾(liang)干播種(zhong)(zhong)，可提(ti)高種(zhong)(zhong)皮吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)力(li)，加(jia)快其(qi)生(sheng)理活動，促進幼(you)根生(sheng)長，增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)9.3%~13.3%；（3）磷－硼混(hun)合液(ye)拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)優質過磷酸鈣3千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，溶(rong)解后(hou)濾除雜(za)質，在(zai)濾液(ye)中加(jia)入硼酸50克(ke)(ke)(ke)，攪勻(yun)(yun)后(hou)取溶(rong)液(ye)5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，拌(ban)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，晾(liang)干播種(zhong)(zhong)，可使麥(mai)(mai)苗生(sheng)長健壯，抗旱(han)能(neng)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)強，一(yi)般(ban)增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)10%~20%。（4）氯化鈣拌(ban)（浸(jin)）種(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)氯化鈣0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，拌(ban)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)500千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，拌(ban)勻(yun)(yun)后(hou)堆悶5~6小時，或者用(yong)氯化鈣0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)500千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，浸(jin)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)500千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，經(jing)5~6小時后(hou)晾(liang)干播種(zhong)(zhong)，一(yi)般(ban)可增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)10%左右。三是葉面(mian)噴(pen)施(shi)抗旱(han)劑：（1）在(zai)小麥(mai)(mai)拔節、灌(guan)漿期，用(yong)0.1%氯化鈣溶(rong)液(ye)葉面(mian)噴(pen)施(shi)，可增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)5%~10%；（2）在(zai)小麥(mai)(mai)孕穗期，每(mei)畝用(yong)抗旱(han)劑一(yi)號50克(ke)(ke)(ke)，兌(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)2.5~10千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)，充分溶(rong)解后(hou)作超低量噴(pen)霧（若苗期和后(hou)期同(tong)時受(shou)旱(han)，全(quan)生(sheng)育期可噴(pen)2次(ci)），可以(yi)縮(suo)小葉片上氣孔的開張角度，使氣孔阻(zu)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)2.1倍(bei)，蒸騰(teng)強度降低41.6%，根系活力(li)提(ti)高2.1倍(bei)，增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)16.6%。

      6.加強管(guan)理，以(yi)(yi)管(guan)增水　旱(han)地小麥(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)管(guan)理比(bi)較(jiao)簡(jian)單，除(chu)查(cha)苗補(bu)苗、防治病蟲和(he)借墑(di)追肥(fei)外(wai)，重要(yao)措施是在“播(bo)種至越冬(dong)”和(he)“返青至拔節(jie)”兩(liang)個(ge)階段進行劃(hua)鋤和(he)鎮(zhen)壓；此間凡因(yin)雨(yu)拍(pai)造成(cheng)板結的(de)(de)麥(mai)(mai)田(tian)，均應在土壤“放白”或墑(di)情(qing)適宜時(shi)及時(shi)中耕松土，以(yi)(yi)保(bao)墑(di)防旱(han)。鎮(zhen)壓具(ju)有提墑(di)和(he)保(bao)墑(di)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)重效果(guo)，但要(yao)因(yin)地因(yin)土制(zhi)宜。一般耕翻深而耙(pa)耢不實(shi)的(de)(de)麥(mai)(mai)田(tian)，可于播(bo)種后(hou)及早鎮(zhen)壓，以(yi)(yi)利沉(chen)土保(bao)墑(di)；冬(dong)季過后(hou)，經凍融作用(yong)而松暄或遭凌抬(tai)的(de)(de)麥(mai)(mai)田(tian)，宜在返青前后(hou)先(xian)鎮(zhen)壓后(hou)劃(hua)鋤，以(yi)(yi)利保(bao)墑(di)和(he)減輕凍融及凌抬(tai)危害。