全國農業技術推廣服務中心 農業農村部小麥專家指導組

      “秋分”將至，麥播在即。當前主產區氣溫接近常年略高，降水較為充沛、土壤底墑較足，前茬作物生育進程正常、可以及時收獲騰茬，總體利于小麥適期適墑播種。氣象部門預計，10月黃淮海等主產區天氣不確定性大，部分地區降水偏少，可能出現階段性干旱，對小麥播種出苗帶來不利影響。各地要緊緊圍繞小麥大面積單產提升，把提高整地播種質量放在突出位置，推進落實秸稈還田、深翻深耕、精細整地、種子包衣、鎮壓保墑“五大”措施，強化適期、適墑、適深、適量、適機“五適”播種，因地制宜推廣微噴灌、滴灌等水肥一體化技術，著力實現一播全苗，抓好冬前田管、病蟲防控、防災減災，確保壯苗安全越冬，夯實明年豐收基礎。

      一、黃淮海(hai)麥區

      （一）優(you)選良種(zhong)。引導(dao)科(ke)學選種(zhong)。依據(ju)當地(di)生產(chan)條件(jian)、種(zhong)植制(zhi)度、產(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)求(qiu)、病(bing)蟲(chong)害發(fa)生等情(qing)況，結(jie)合品(pin)種(zhong)對(dui)比(bi)試(shi)驗示范結(jie)果，引導(dao)農戶選用優(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)，加(jia)大高(gao)產(chan)抗逆小(xiao)麥新品(pin)種(zhong)推廣(guang)力度。抓好種(zhong)子處理。大力推行統(tong)一供種(zhong)服務(wu)，科(ke)學引導(dao)落(luo)實(shi)種(zhong)子包(bao)衣(yi)、藥劑拌種(zhong)，有效防(fang)治或(huo)減輕小(xiao)麥莖基腐(fu)病(bing)、根(gen)腐(fu)病(bing)、紋(wen)枯病(bing)等病(bing)害及苗期地(di)下害蟲(chong)為害。

      （二）精細(xi)整(zheng)地(di)(di)。堅持實(shi)(shi)施秸稈(gan)(gan)還田(tian)，以“碎(sui)、深(shen)(shen)、細(xi)、平(ping)、實(shi)(shi)”為標準，推(tui)廣利用大(da)型(xing)農(nong)機(ji)，配套運(yun)用耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)旋耙(pa)壓(ya)整(zheng)地(di)(di)技術，突出抓好深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)技術落實(shi)(shi)。深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)整(zheng)地(di)(di)。對(dui)秸稈(gan)(gan)還田(tian)地(di)(di)塊，要針對(dui)秸稈(gan)(gan)粉碎(sui)不(bu)細(xi)、拋撒不(bu)勻(yun)、小麥出苗率不(bu)高(gao)等問題，大(da)力推(tui)行(xing)深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)整(zheng)地(di)(di)，做到前茬作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈(gan)(gan)切(qie)碎(sui)、撒勻(yun)、埋(mai)深(shen)(shen)、壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)。深(shen)(shen)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)每(mei)隔(ge)2—3年(nian)實(shi)(shi)施一次，其(qi)他年(nian)份可(ke)采用旋耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)或免耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)等保護性耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)播種(zhong)(zhong)技術。耙(pa)耢鎮(zhen)壓(ya)。連年(nian)旋耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)易造(zao)成麥田(tian)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)疏松、透風跑墑(di)，要及(ji)時耙(pa)平(ping)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)，緊(jin)實(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)、壓(ya)碎(sui)土(tu)(tu)塊，確保種(zhong)(zhong)子與土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)緊(jin)密接觸，促進根系(xi)生長和下扎，提高(gao)小麥抗旱(han)抗凍能力。

      （三）精(jing)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。堅(jian)持適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墑(di)(di)(di)、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)深的(de)(de)“五適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原則，綜(zong)合運用小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)寬幅精(jing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)、規(gui)范化(hua)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)等技術。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期應滿足(zu)冬前0℃以(yi)上(shang)積溫570—650℃，即日平均氣溫16—18℃時(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。如晚(wan)于(yu)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當加(jia)(jia)大播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)，做(zuo)到播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)與播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期相(xiang)匹配。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條件下，分蘗成(cheng)穗(sui)率(lv)低的(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，每(mei)畝適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)基本苗(miao)為(wei)水澆(jiao)(jiao)地(di)(di)15萬(wan)—18萬(wan)、旱地(di)(di)19萬(wan)—25萬(wan)；分蘗成(cheng)穗(sui)率(lv)高的(de)(de)，每(mei)畝水澆(jiao)(jiao)地(di)(di)13萬(wan)—16萬(wan)、旱地(di)(di)16萬(wan)—21萬(wan)。晚(wan)于(yu)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期的(de)(de)，每(mei)晚(wan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)2天，每(mei)畝增加(jia)(jia)基本苗(miao)1萬(wan)—2萬(wan)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墑(di)(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)墑(di)(di)(di)情(qing)為(wei)土壤相(xiang)對含水量(liang)(liang)75％左右。各地(di)(di)要(yao)密(mi)切關注(zhu)墑(di)(di)(di)情(qing)變化(hua)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前墑(di)(di)(di)情(qing)不足(zu)的(de)(de)田(tian)塊，要(yao)提前澆(jiao)(jiao)水造墑(di)(di)(di)；墑(di)(di)(di)情(qing)飽和地(di)(di)塊要(yao)及時(shi)開(kai)溝散墑(di)(di)(di)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)深機(ji)(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。水澆(jiao)(jiao)地(di)(di)要(yao)大力推廣(guang)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)寬幅精(jing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)技術，苗(miao)帶寬度7—10厘(li)米(mi)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深3—5厘(li)米(mi)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)進速度以(yi)每(mei)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)5公里為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。旱地(di)(di)可推廣(guang)采(cai)用智(zhi)能耙播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)一體機(ji)(ji)15厘(li)米(mi)或12.5厘(li)米(mi)等行(xing)距(ju)機(ji)(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)方式，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深4厘(li)米(mi)左右。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)。選(xuan)用帶鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)裝置的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械，在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)隨(sui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)壓(ya)(ya)。對于(yu)秸稈還田(tian)地(di)(di)塊，建議在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)采(cai)用專門的(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)器鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)1—2遍，促(cu)進根系下扎，增強小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)抗(kang)旱能力。

      （四）科學施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。在秸(jie)稈還(huan)田(tian)的基(ji)(ji)礎上，堅持“有機與(yu)(yu)無(wu)機、大量(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)中微量(liang)(liang)、底(di)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)與(yu)(yu)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)”合理配(pei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)的原則，因地制宜推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)滴灌(guan)水肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)體化技(ji)術(shu)，提高(gao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料利用效(xiao)率。合理配(pei)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。一(yi)般(ban)高(gao)產(chan)(chan)地塊每畝(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用純(chun)氮12—14公(gong)斤、五氧化二(er)磷6—8公(gong)斤、氧化鉀5—8公(gong)斤，氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50％底(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)、50％拔節(jie)期追施(shi)(shi)(shi)，磷鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)底(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)為主，高(gao)產(chan)(chan)田(tian)可推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)基(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)拔節(jie)期適量(liang)(liang)追施(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)合。施(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。要結(jie)合整地施(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，在推(tui)行秸(jie)稈還(huan)田(tian)的基(ji)(ji)礎上，磷鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)底(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50％底(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。有條件(jian)地區可增施(shi)(shi)(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，一(yi)般(ban)畝(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)優質農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000—4000公(gong)斤或(huo)商品有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)200公(gong)斤，提高(gao)土(tu)壤耕層有機質含(han)量(liang)(liang)。缺少微量(liang)(liang)元素的地塊，要注(zhu)意補施(shi)(shi)(shi)鋅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、硼肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等(deng)。

      （五(wu)）冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)田(tian)管。冬(dong)(dong)前(qian)管理的(de)(de)主攻方(fang)向是在(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)全(quan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)勻的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，促根(gen)增蘗、促弱控旺(wang)、培育壯苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，保(bao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)安(an)全(quan)越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)。查苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)補(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)，促進苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)全(quan)。及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)檢查出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)情況，對(dui)缺苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)斷壟(long)嚴重的(de)(de)地(di)塊(kuai)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)(bu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。補(bu)(bu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)地(di)塊(kuai)可(ke)于小麥(mai)三葉期后(hou)疏(shu)密補(bu)(bu)缺，進行帶水(shui)(shui)(shui)移栽(zai)，栽(zai)植深(shen)度以(yi)“上不埋心(xin)，下不露節”為宜(yi)。因(yin)地(di)制宜(yi)，分類(lei)管理。對(dui)于整地(di)質(zhi)量差、地(di)表坷垃(la)多、秸(jie)稈還(huan)田(tian)量較大(da)的(de)(de)麥(mai)田(tian)，可(ke)在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)前(qian)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或降(jiang)雨(yu)前(qian)進行1—2次鎮(zhen)壓(ya)，使根(gen)系和土壤緊(jin)實結合，以(yi)利提墑保(bao)墑。對(dui)于冬(dong)(dong)前(qian)旺(wang)長(chang)麥(mai)田(tian)，可(ke)視苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)情長(chang)勢采用鎮(zhen)壓(ya)器鎮(zhen)壓(ya)2—3次，防透(tou)風、防凍(dong)(dong)害。適時(shi)(shi)化學除(chu)草，防控病蟲害。小麥(mai)3葉后(hou)大(da)部分雜草出土，是化學除(chu)草的(de)(de)有利時(shi)(shi)機(ji)，要選擇對(dui)路藥劑(ji)，適時(shi)(shi)開展化學除(chu)草，嚴格按照農藥標簽上的(de)(de)推薦劑(ji)量施用。因(yin)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)澆(jiao)(jiao)好越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，防止(zhi)冬(dong)(dong)春凍(dong)(dong)害。越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)能防止(zhi)小麥(mai)凍(dong)(dong)害死苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，保(bao)證小麥(mai)安(an)全(quan)越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)，為翌年返青保(bao)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)分，做到冬(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)春用、春旱早防。對(dui)墑情較差、懸根(gen)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)麥(mai)田(tian)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)耕種(zhong)(zhong)粗放、坷垃(la)較多及(ji)(ji)秸(jie)稈還(huan)田(tian)的(de)(de)地(di)塊(kuai)，要適時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)好越(yue)冬(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)注意及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)劃鋤，破除(chu)土壤板結。

      二、長(chang)江中(zhong)下游(you)麥區

      （一）優(you)選(xuan)良種(zhong)。按(an)照市場化導(dao)向(xiang)、區(qu)(qu)域化布局、規模化種(zhong)植、標準化生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)周(zhou)年高(gao)產(chan)高(gao)效的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)要求，合(he)理規劃優(you)質(zhi)專用小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)品種(zhong)的(de)適(shi)宜種(zhong)植區(qu)(qu)域，重點推廣抗(kang)(kang)濕、抗(kang)(kang)倒、抗(kang)(kang)病(bing)(bing)性強(qiang)（主要是(shi)抗(kang)(kang)赤霉(mei)病(bing)(bing)、白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)、紋枯病(bing)(bing)）、黑(hei)胚率低、抗(kang)(kang)穗發(fa)芽(ya)、商品性好的(de)優(you)質(zhi)高(gao)產(chan)中筋、弱筋小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)品種(zhong)，部分(fen)地區(qu)(qu)可選(xuan)用優(you)質(zhi)強(qiang)筋小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)品種(zhong)。有(you)條件的(de)地區(qu)(qu)可適(shi)度發(fa)展糯小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)、黑(hei)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)等特色小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)，滿足市場多(duo)樣化需求。引導(dao)做好小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)種(zhong)子(zi)包衣(yi)或藥(yao)劑(ji)拌種(zhong)，有(you)效防(fang)治或減輕(qing)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)條銹病(bing)(bing)、紋枯病(bing)(bing)、莖基(ji)腐病(bing)(bing)等病(bing)(bing)害與(yu)土傳病(bing)(bing)害發(fa)生(sheng)，控制地下(xia)害蟲為害。

      （二）精細整地。對秸稈全量還田地區，堅持秸稈高質量還田與高質量整地播種協同提升，根據墑情和茬口選擇適宜的耕作播種方式，提高播種質量。提高秸稈粉碎質量。水稻收獲機(ji)(ji)械(xie)要普及(ji)加裝切(qie)(qie)碎(sui)、勻(yun)鋪(pu)裝置。碎(sui)草長度(du)控制在(zai)5厘米左右、留(liu)茬高(gao)度(du)10厘米以(yi)下，稻草勻(yun)鋪(pu)不到位需(xu)人(ren)工(gong)輔助撒勻(yun)；對稻草切(qie)(qie)碎(sui)長度(du)過長或(huo)水稻收獲時(shi)留(liu)茬高(gao)度(du)過高(gao)的(de)(de)，應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)采用專(zhuan)用秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)粉(fen)碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)進(jin)行粉(fen)碎(sui)，粉(fen)碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)要勻(yun)速行駛，切(qie)(qie)刀要貼近(jin)地面，確保(bao)留(liu)茬及(ji)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)粉(fen)碎(sui)徹(che)底、分布均勻(yun)。提(ti)高(gao)整(zheng)地質(zhi)量(liang)。秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)耕(geng)翻或(huo)深旋(xuan)(xuan)還(huan)田后，及(ji)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)耙或(huo)旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)細整(zheng)，使(shi)土(tu)壤(rang)細碎(sui)，消滅坷垃，實現上松下實，防止因耕(geng)層土(tu)壤(rang)懸松造(zao)成小麥播種(zhong)過深。采用秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)深旋(xuan)(xuan)還(huan)田方式的(de)(de)，要控制機(ji)(ji)械(xie)行進(jin)速度(du)，推(tui)廣應(ying)用265旋(xuan)(xuan)刀，爭取旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)深度(du)達到15厘米，確保(bao)不低于12厘米，切(qie)(qie)實提(ti)高(gao)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)還(huan)田與整(zheng)地質(zhi)量(liang)。

      （三(san)）“五適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”精(jing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。堅持適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墑(di)(di)(di)、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機、適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。長江中(zhong)游北部地(di)區(qu)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期為(wei)10月20日(ri)至30日(ri)，南部為(wei)10月25日(ri)至11月5日(ri)，長江下游地(di)區(qu)為(wei)10月下旬至11月上(shang)旬。稻茬麥(mai)(mai)區(qu)水(shui)稻田(tian)(tian)要(yao)開(kai)好排(pai)水(shui)溝、注(zhu)(zhu)意控制好最后(hou)(hou)上(shang)水(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)斷水(shui)為(wei)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)造墑(di)(di)(di)情條件。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。畝基本苗(miao)控制在15萬(wan)(wan)—18萬(wan)(wan)，高(gao)產田(tian)(tian)控制在12萬(wan)(wan)—15萬(wan)(wan)；搶(qiang)墑(di)(di)(di)早(zao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)，應(ying)降低播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)；遲(chi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)地(di)塊要(yao)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)增加播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)，每(mei)晚播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)1天增加0.5萬(wan)(wan)基本苗(miao)，最多不超過預(yu)期穗(sui)數(shu)的(de)(de)80%。分(fen)蘗力強(qiang)、成(cheng)穗(sui)率(lv)高(gao)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)整(zheng)地(di)質量(liang)(liang)好、墑(di)(di)(di)情足、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期早(zao)的(de)(de)地(di)塊適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)降低播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)，反(fan)之適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)增加播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墑(di)(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)耕層(ceng)的(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)墑(di)(di)(di)情為(wei)土壤相(xiang)對含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)70%—80%，土壤“抓土成(cheng)團、輕丟即散”是(shi)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)最佳墑(di)(di)(di)情。稻茬麥(mai)(mai)區(qu)要(yao)密(mi)切(qie)關(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)天氣變化(hua)，做好秋(qiu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期間遭遇連陰(yin)雨的(de)(de)應(ying)對預(yu)案，立足于抗災播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。對水(shui)稻收獲較(jiao)早(zao)、墑(di)(di)(di)情適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)、土壤適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耕狀態(tai)好的(de)(de)麥(mai)(mai)田(tian)(tian)，在秸稈(gan)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻(fan)或(huo)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)旋還田(tian)(tian)后(hou)(hou)可選用小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)精(jing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機、寬(kuan)幅條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機等(deng)進行(xing)(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，行(xing)(xing)距20—25厘(li)米，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)2—3厘(li)米；播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)隨種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨壓(ya)(ya)，未(wei)帶鎮(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)裝置(zhi)或(huo)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)不實(shi)的(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)塊要(yao)在小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)。土壤過濕地(di)塊應(ying)采用新改(gai)進的(de)(de)帶狀條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機等(deng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，防止排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)堵塞。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。稻茬小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)2—3厘(li)米為(wei)宜(yi)，旱茬小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)(yi)3—4厘(li)米為(wei)宜(yi)，土壤偏旱時(shi)(shi)(shi)略深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)、過濕時(shi)(shi)(shi)略淺(qian)。

      （四）科學施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。在增(zeng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、提升地力基(ji)礎(chu)上，進一步推(tui)廣配方施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、精準(zhun)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、機械施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，提高(gao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料利(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率。畝產(chan)500公斤左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)筋和強筋小麥，畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)純氮14—16公斤，基(ji)苗(miao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)占60%、拔節孕(yun)穗(sui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)占40%。根據(ju)土壤基(ji)礎(chu)地力水(shui)平，氮磷鉀(jia)配比1：（0.4—0.6）：（0.4—0.6），磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、拔節肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)5:5為宜。秸稈(gan)還田量大的(de)(de)(de)尤其(qi)要注(zhu)意(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)要早施(shi)(shi)(shi)苗(miao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，基(ji)苗(miao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應達到總施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量的(de)(de)(de)60%左(zuo)右。可有(you)序推(tui)介緩控肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、生物有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等(deng)新型高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料的(de)(de)(de)配合施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

      （五）綠(lv)色防控。要進(jin)一步優化(hua)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品類(lei)、施用(yong)(yong)方式與(yu)時(shi)期，播后芽前(qian)墑情適宜時(shi)，封(feng)殺化(hua)除；越冬前(qian)對播種(zhong)時(shi)未封(feng)閉化(hua)除或效果不理想、雜草較多田塊，及時(shi)根據草相進(jin)行噴(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)化(hua)除，避開寒(han)潮來臨(lin)前(qian)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，防止凍(dong)害的發生。采用(yong)(yong)無(wu)人(ren)機(ji)等(deng)新型噴(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)機(ji)械機(ji)具時(shi)，應(ying)注意機(ji)型與(yu)劑型匹(pi)配(pei)，降(jiang)低農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)成本，提高噴(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)均(jun)勻(yun)度和農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)效率。

      （六）開好(hao)“三溝(gou)”。小麥(mai)(mai)播后適時機械(xie)開溝(gou)，縱溝(gou)深25—30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、腰溝(gou)深30—35厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、田頭溝(gou)深35—45厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，溝(gou)寬20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，畦面寬3—5米(mi)(mi)。確保內(nei)外三溝(gou)相通，實現排灌通暢、降漬防旱。開溝(gou)時注意均勻拋撒溝(gou)泥、覆蓋麥(mai)(mai)壟、減少露籽(zi)、防凍保苗。

      （七(qi)）冬前(qian)管理。根(gen)據田間(jian)(jian)長勢及(ji)時查(cha)漏補缺。抓好(hao)因苗分類管理，施(shi)(shi)(shi)好(hao)壯(zhuang)蘗肥(fei)，促弱轉壯(zhuang)，促平衡生(sheng)長，施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)量占(zhan)一生(sheng)總施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)量的10%左右；旺長麥田根(gen)據苗情適(shi)(shi)時化控，墑(di)情適(shi)(shi)宜時根(gen)據苗情適(shi)(shi)度鎮壓，控旺促壯(zhuang)、防凍防倒。根(gen)據田間(jian)(jian)草情開展化除，適(shi)(shi)時防治莖基腐病、蚜蟲等(deng)病蟲害。及(ji)時補開溝(gou)系，清溝(gou)理墑(di)，根(gen)據天氣情況及(ji)時降(jiang)漬防旱。做(zuo)好(hao)防凍預案，凍害發生(sheng)后(hou)及(ji)時補救。

      三、西南麥區(qu)

      （一）耕地培肥。對于水稻小麥輪作田，在水稻灌漿后期及時排水晾田，盡量避免機械對土壤碾壓。優先選擇半喂入式聯合收割機，并加裝秸稈切碎分散裝置。如果采用無秸稈粉碎裝置的全喂入式聯合收割機，建議高留茬收獲，并于小麥播種前開展一次滅茬粉碎作業，再進行免耕帶旋播種。排水不暢的田塊，在水稻收獲后立即開溝，做到溝溝相通，最大限度瀝干漬水。對于旱地玉米小麥輪作(zuo)田(tian)，可(ke)在前茬(cha)收獲(huo)后適時開展滅茬(cha)粉(fen)碎作(zuo)業，根據不同(tong)墑(di)情選擇(ze)相應整地(di)播種(zhong)方式。

      （二）優(you)選(xuan)良種(zhong)(zhong)。考(kao)慮本地(di)氣候(hou)生態和(he)(he)小麥生產(chan)(chan)(chan)面臨的(de)障礙(ai)因素，圍繞(rao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業和(he)(he)市(shi)場需求，優(you)化(hua)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)布局(ju)，突出主導品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)抗(kang)病(bing)抗(kang)逆(ni)高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)抗(kang)病(bing)性(xing)強高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)穩(wen)(wen)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，并綜合(he)考(kao)慮品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)耐低溫冷害和(he)(he)抗(kang)穗(sui)發(fa)芽的(de)能力。選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)優(you)質(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。因地(di)制宜選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)市(shi)場需求大、抗(kang)病(bing)穩(wen)(wen)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)優(you)質(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)（如膨(peng)化(hua)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)、釀酒(jiu)曲麥品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)），積極推進訂單種(zhong)(zhong)植，提(ti)高(gao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)糧(liang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地(di)建設質(zhi)量和(he)(he)原糧(liang)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)。做(zuo)好種(zhong)(zhong)子處理。播種(zhong)(zhong)前做(zuo)好種(zhong)(zhong)子包衣或藥劑拌種(zhong)(zhong)，防治(zhi)或減輕地(di)下(xia)害蟲、根部病(bing)害、前期銹(xiu)病(bing)、蚜蟲等。

      （三）用好機具。稻茬田塊土壤濕度大、質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)黏重，盡量采(cai)取免(mian)(mian)耕播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，避免(mian)(mian)旋耕帶來的(de)(de)(de)漬害(hai)僵(jiang)苗(miao)(miao)、弱(ruo)苗(miao)(miao)、低產、低效等問(wen)題。優先采(cai)用免(mian)(mian)耕帶旋播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)技術，簡化(hua)耕整播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)程序，以達到適期播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)、提高(gao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量、節約成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。對(dui)田面破壞嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)地(di)塊，可(ke)先用淺(qian)旋機械旋耕耙平，再進(jin)行免(mian)(mian)耕帶旋播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。對(dui)于缺乏大型(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機的(de)(de)(de)小農戶(hu)，可(ke)采(cai)用半人力播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機進(jin)行“露播(bo)(bo)(bo)”，播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)覆蓋稻草。對(dui)于坡(po)度較緩、地(di)塊面積(ji)較大的(de)(de)(de)旱地(di)，可(ke)在玉米秸稈(gan)粉(fen)碎后(hou)采(cai)用免(mian)(mian)耕方式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，提高(gao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)保墑抗旱能力。積(ji)極推廣(guang)封(feng)閉(bi)除草，減少苗(miao)(miao)期化(hua)除造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)害(hai)影響。

      （四）精適(shi)(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。西南(nan)麥(mai)區冬暖春早，倒春寒、冬干春旱(han)(han)等災害(hai)(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)頻(pin)繁，過(guo)(guo)早播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)易(yi)遭低(di)溫(wen)凍害(hai)(hai)，過(guo)(guo)遲播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)易(yi)受干旱(han)(han)影響，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)以(yi)滿足小麥(mai)萌發(fa)出苗(miao)的(de)(de)日(ri)均溫(wen)14—15℃為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。春性較弱(ruo)、熟期(qi)偏晚(wan)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)可以(yi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)當提前，而春性強、熟期(qi)短的(de)(de)品種(zhong)則適(shi)(shi)(shi)當延遲。適(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。最佳播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量(liang)(liang)要以(yi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)目標基本苗(miao)為(wei)依據(ju)，再根據(ju)種(zhong)子質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、籽粒大小、整地播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、土壤(rang)肥力(li)等因(yin)素進(jin)行測算。生(sheng)產(chan)實踐表明，發(fa)芽率(lv)在(zai)85%以(yi)上的(de)(de)正常種(zhong)子，畝(mu)基本苗(miao)為(wei)15萬—20萬、最高(gao)不超(chao)過(guo)(guo)25萬，畝(mu)播(bo)(bo)量(liang)(liang)應控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)12—15公(gong)斤。適(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)施肥。稻茬麥(mai)田土壤(rang)肥力(li)總(zong)體(ti)較高(gao)，全(quan)生(sheng)育(yu)期(qi)的(de)(de)純氮用量(liang)(liang)每畝(mu)以(yi)10—12公(gong)斤為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。氮磷鉀(jia)配比1:0.5:0.5為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。氮肥分配以(yi)底肥60%、拔節追(zhui)肥40%為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)，磷鉀(jia)肥全(quan)部基施。地力(li)較高(gao)的(de)(de)稻茬麥(mai)田可適(shi)(shi)(shi)當減量(liang)(liang)，地力(li)較差的(de)(de)旱(han)(han)地麥(mai)田可適(shi)(shi)(shi)當增施。適(shi)(shi)(shi)法機播(bo)(bo)。稻茬小麥(mai)盡量(liang)(liang)采取免耕(geng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，旱(han)(han)地小麥(mai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方式根據(ju)土壤(rang)墑(di)情(qing)和秸(jie)稈處(chu)理(li)模式綜合考慮。若(ruo)土壤(rang)墑(di)情(qing)過(guo)(guo)濕或過(guo)(guo)干，可先進(jin)行滅茬處(chu)理(li)，再進(jin)行免耕(geng)帶(dai)旋播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，既(ji)能提高(gao)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，也利于(yu)保墑(di)抗旱(han)(han)。

      （五(wu)）冬前管理。播后(hou)開溝(gou)。對地勢低洼(wa)、易產生(sheng)漬害(hai)(hai)的(de)田(tian)塊(kuai)，要(yao)開好排(pai)水(shui)溝(gou)，按5—10米幅寬開廂溝(gou)，并配(pei)合(he)開好圍(wei)溝(gou)，利于排(pai)水(shui)、減輕(qing)濕害(hai)(hai)。冬前化除。播種(zhong)后(hou)立即進(jin)行封閉除草(cao)，最遲不要(yao)超過三天，否則(ze)影響出(chu)苗。苗期存在(zai)雜(za)草(cao)滋生(sheng)嚴重的(de)麥田(tian)，要(yao)在(zai)12月中旬之前開展化學(xue)除草(cao)，并注(zhu)意防止(zhi)藥害(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)。查漏(lou)補缺。播種(zhong)7天后(hou)，及(ji)時(shi)檢查出(chu)苗狀況。若出(chu)現漏(lou)播或(huo)因種(zhong)子質量等造成基本(ben)苗降低的(de)情況，及(ji)時(shi)進(jin)行補種(zhong)。防病治蟲。密切注(zhu)意苗期病蟲害(hai)(hai)，選擇適宜藥劑(ji)進(jin)行防治；對條(tiao)銹(xiu)病感染地塊(kuai)，及(ji)時(shi)拔除或(huo)噴藥處(chu)理。促弱控旺。底肥(fei)不足(zu)會導致(zhi)苗期出(chu)現黃苗、弱苗，宜適時(shi)追施速(su)效肥(fei)促生(sheng)長(chang)，如(ru)出(chu)現旺長(chang)適時(shi)化控。

      四、西北(bei)麥(mai)區

      （一）優選(xuan)(xuan)良(liang)種(zhong)。選(xuan)(xuan)好區域(yu)適宜(yi)的主栽和(he)主推(tui)品(pin)種(zhong)。新(xin)疆和(he)甘肅中(zhong)東部(bu)海(hai)拔1500米以(yi)上的麥區，盡可能(neng)選(xuan)(xuan)用冬性品(pin)種(zhong)，嚴格(ge)劃定半(ban)冬性品(pin)種(zhong)種(zhong)植區域(yu)。擴大優質(zhi)小麥播種(zhong)面積，發展優質(zhi)專用小麥和(he)功能(neng)性面粉(fen)小麥，提高經濟(ji)效益。在合(he)理選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)抗病(bing)或(huo)耐病(bing)品(pin)種(zhong)的基礎上，以(yi)區域(yu)常發的主要(yao)病(bing)蟲害(hai)為對(dui)象(xiang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)種(zhong)衣劑，規范種(zhong)子包衣或(huo)拌(ban)種(zhong)流程(cheng)，控制源頭、壓低基數(shu)，杜絕(jue)白籽下地。

      （二）精細整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)。秸稈還(huan)(huan)田(tian)整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)。前(qian)茬作物收獲后及時(shi)深(shen)耕(geng)、立土(tu)曬垡，納雨(yu)蓄(xu)墑、熟化(hua)土(tu)壤。播(bo)(bo)前(qian)1—2周，旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)整(zheng)(zheng)平土(tu)壤等待播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。堅(jian)持實(shi)施秸稈還(huan)(huan)田(tian)，通過打稈、深(shen)翻或(huo)(huo)深(shen)松、旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)等整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)技術(shu)，提(ti)高整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)質量(liang)。對秸稈還(huan)(huan)田(tian)地(di)(di)塊，要(yao)(yao)圍繞秸稈粉碎質量(liang)和(he)還(huan)(huan)田(tian)質量(liang)不高等問(wen)題，通過深(shen)翻和(he)旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)相結合的方法(fa)進行(xing)整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)，做到前(qian)茬作物秸稈切碎（＜5厘米）、撒勻、埋(mai)深(shen)、壓實(shi)。提(ti)高還(huan)(huan)田(tian)作業質量(liang)。大力推廣隔(ge)年深(shen)翻或(huo)(huo)深(shen)松技術(shu)，打破(po)犁底層，促進小麥扎根生長。夏茬田(tian)最好先深(shen)耕(geng)滅(mie)茬、立土(tu)曬垡，播(bo)(bo)前(qian)再(zai)進行(xing)一次旋(xuan)(xuan)耕(geng)和(he)平土(tu)作。秋(qiu)茬田(tian)要(yao)(yao)隨(sui)收隨(sui)耕(geng)，以(yi)便及時(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。條銹病(bing)越夏區播(bo)(bo)前(qian)需滅(mie)除自生苗。

      （三）精適(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。大面(mian)積(ji)示范推廣寬幅(fu)精播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)、寬幅(fu)溝(gou)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和寬幅(fu)帶狀播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)及綠(lv)色高產高效集成技(ji)術，采(cai)取復式(shi)作(zuo)業，降低整(zheng)地播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)生產成本(ben)。適(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。一般日均溫(wen)穩(wen)定(ding)下降至16℃時為(wei)適(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。甘肅和新疆熱量(liang)欠(qian)缺區，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)宜早不(bu)宜遲、適(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)等(deng)墑(di)。秋播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)若(ruo)連陰雨推遲播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)每延遲1天，畝(mu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)量(liang)應增加(jia)(jia)0.5斤左右。適(shi)(shi)深(shen)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。耕層(ceng)墑(di)情較好時，播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)以(yi)3—5厘米為(wei)宜；若(ruo)0—5厘米表墑(di)較差(cha)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深(shen)可適(shi)(shi)當加(jia)(jia)深(shen)到5—6厘米，或采(cai)取深(shen)種(zhong)淺蓋、等(deng)雨播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)等(deng)抗旱播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)法；秸稈還田(tian)地塊，強調播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)后鎮壓。適(shi)(shi)量(liang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。遵(zun)循“以(yi)田(tian)定(ding)產、以(yi)產定(ding)穗(sui)，以(yi)穗(sui)定(ding)苗，以(yi)苗定(ding)籽(zi)”的四定(ding)原則確(que)定(ding)各地適(shi)(shi)宜播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量(liang)，并(bing)隨播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)早遲、耕地質(zhi)量(liang)好壞、機(ji)械作(zuo)業方式(shi)等(deng)適(shi)(shi)度(du)調整(zheng)。

      （四）科學施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)。適度(du)調整肥(fei)料養分結構，堅持穩氮(dan)(dan)，增加磷(lin)肥(fei)、鉀肥(fei)和(he)微肥(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)。一(yi)般畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)2000—3000公(gong)斤或(huo)商品有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)150—250公(gong)斤，畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)純(chun)氮(dan)(dan)10—14公(gong)斤、五(wu)氧化二磷(lin)8—10公(gong)斤、氧化鉀6—8公(gong)斤，可根據前茬施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)和(he)養分平衡狀(zhuang)況(kuang)、土壤性質(zhi)、氣(qi)候狀(zhuang)況(kuang)等(deng)，酌(zhuo)情增減。對秸(jie)稈還田地塊，宜增施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)，磷(lin)肥(fei)一(yi)次性深施(shi)(shi)(shi)作基(ji)肥(fei)，提高土壤耕層有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)(liang)。對旱(han)地不(bu)宜結合(he)(he)灌(guan)水追肥(fei)，可將肥(fei)料一(yi)次性作基(ji)肥(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)，也可將全(quan)部有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)和(he)磷(lin)肥(fei)、70%氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)結合(he)(he)播(bo)種作基(ji)肥(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)。

      （五）病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害防(fang)(fang)控。結合整(zheng)地施(shi)肥(fei)，選用(yong)適宜的(de)藥劑防(fang)(fang)治蠐螬、金針(zhen)蟲(chong)等地下害蟲(chong)。出苗后雜草嚴重的(de)麥田，依(yi)據(ju)雜草種類，在冬前(qian)選用(yong)適宜的(de)化學除草劑均勻噴灑進行防(fang)(fang)除。冬前(qian)要重點防(fang)(fang)治條銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)，堅持“帶藥偵查(cha)、發現一(yi)點、控制一(yi)片”原(yuan)則，減(jian)少發病(bing)(bing)(bing)中心、控制病(bing)(bing)(bing)害蔓延。

      （六）冬(dong)(dong)季田(tian)管。對播后遇(yu)雨地(di)塊，要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)破除板結，出現(xian)缺(que)苗(miao)(miao)斷壟的要(yao)查苗(miao)(miao)補(bu)漏，及(ji)時(shi)補(bu)苗(miao)(miao)。對缺(que)肥(fei)造成弱苗(miao)(miao)田(tian)塊，冬(dong)(dong)前要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)追肥(fei)。對冬(dong)(dong)前地(di)表龜(gui)裂的，要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)通(tong)過耙耱或鎮(zhen)壓等(deng)方(fang)法彌補(bu)裂縫實現(xian)防(fang)凍保墑。對旺苗(miao)(miao)田(tian)塊，要(yao)控(kong)制水(shui)肥(fei)，冬(dong)(dong)前采取(qu)斷根、鎮(zhen)壓、化控(kong)等(deng)措(cuo)施促下控(kong)上(shang)，在控(kong)旺的同時(shi)預防(fang)低(di)溫凍害。冬(dong)(dong)春加強麥(mai)田(tian)防(fang)護，禁止冬(dong)(dong)季放牧啃(ken)青。