李金梁 平頂山市種子管理站

    摘要：本文通過對種子質量構成、種子質量糾份成因及由其引起的法律責任的分析，以期為有關部門處理種子質量案件時提供參考，更好地保護種子生產者、經營者及使用者的合法權益。

    關鍵詞：種子質量     法律責任    淺析

    農(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產上最(zui)大的(de)威(wei)脅之(zhi)一(yi)是播(bo)下(xia)的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)沒有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產潛力，不(bu)能(neng)使所需栽(zai)培(pei)的(de)品種(zhong)獲得豐收，因(yin)此《中華(hua)人(ren)民(min)共和國(guo)種(zhong)子(zi)法(fa)(fa)》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《種(zhong)子(zi)法(fa)(fa)》）規定種(zhong)子(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、經營者(zhe)必須提供合格種(zhong)子(zi)，使這種(zhong)威(wei)脅降到最(zui)低程度(du)。但(dan)是種(zhong)子(zi)是具有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物產品，它(ta)在(zai)栽(zai)培(pei)過程中容易受(shou)環境因(yin)素的(de)影(ying)響而使產量(liang)受(shou)到影(ying)響，農(nong)作物種(zhong)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)糾(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)在(zai)田間的(de)表現就呈(cheng)現多樣性(xing)和復雜性(xing)，使種(zhong)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)糾(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)的(de)定性(xing)存在(zai)爭(zheng)議，只有正(zheng)確(que)分析種(zhong)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)糾(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)的(de)成因(yin)，才(cai)能(neng)依法(fa)(fa)劃分法(fa)(fa)律責任。在(zai)實(shi)際工作中，筆(bi)者(zhe)認為應該澄(cheng)清(qing)以下(xia)幾(ji)個(ge)問題，即種(zhong)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)構成（或(huo)概念）、種(zhong)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)糾(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)的(de)成因(yin)、如(ru)何劃分法(fa)(fa)律責任。

    1 種子質量構成

    1.1 概念(nian)

    種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)量是由不(bu)同特征(zheng)特性組成(cheng)的(de)一(yi)個綜(zong)合概念，這些特性對于種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)同產業部(bu)門(men)---生產者(zhe)(zhe)、加工(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)、經營者(zhe)(zhe)、使用者(zhe)(zhe)及種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)管(guan)理部(bu)門(men)等(deng)都是極為重要(yao)的(de)，在實際應用過程中，其特性包括的(de)范圍和內容因(yin)不(bu)同環境而(er)有所不(bu)同。

    1.1.1 廣義種子質量(liang)

    在農(nong)業(ye)生產上，廣義的種子質(zhi)量(liang)一般包(bao)括(kuo)以下(xia)內容：優良(liang)種性(即(ji)內在價值(zhi))，包(bao)括(kuo)高產、抗(kang)病蟲、抗(kang)逆、早熟或生育期(qi)短、品質(zhi)優；優質(zhi)種子(即(ji)外在價值(zhi))，指種子檢驗上的質(zhi)量(liang)概念。

    1.1.2 狹義種子質量

    狹義種子質量，即在(zai)種子檢驗中規定的質量標(biao)準，包含真(zhen)實性與純度、凈度、發芽率、水份、健康度等(deng)內容

    1.1.2.1 品種品質(zhi)

    名(ming)符其(qi)實，真(zhen)實性（真(zhen)）；純(chun)凈一致（純(chun)）。

    1.1.2.2 播(bo)種品質

    清潔(jie)干(gan)凈(jing)，凈(jing)度和其他植物種(zhong)子(zi)（凈(jing)）；飽滿充實，重量(liang)（千粒重和容重）（飽）；健壯(zhuang)整齊，發芽率、生活力、活力（壯(zhuang)）；無種(zhong)傳病(bing)害，健康（康）；干(gan)燥(zao)耐藏，水分（干(gan)）。盡管衡量(liang)種(zhong)子(zi)質量(liang)的特性較多，但狹義的種(zhong)子(zi)質量(liang)僅指純(chun)度、凈(jing)度、水分和發芽率。

    1.2 種(zhong)子質量分級

    現行(xing)國家標(biao)準以品種(zhong)(zhong)純(chun)度(du)指標(biao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)劃分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)子質(zhi)量級(ji)(ji)別的(de)依(yi)據，純(chun)度(du)達(da)不至原種(zhong)(zhong)指標(biao)降為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)良種(zhong)(zhong)，達(da)不到一(yi)級(ji)(ji)良種(zhong)(zhong)降為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)良種(zhong)(zhong)，達(da)不到二(er)級(ji)(ji)良種(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不合格(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)子，凈(jing)度(du)、水分(fen)、發芽率(lv)其中(zhong)一(yi)項達(da)不到指標(biao)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不合格(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)，其他質(zhi)量指標(biao)不作為(wei)(wei)(wei)判定種(zhong)(zhong)子是否(fou)合格(ge)的(de)依(yi)據。

    1.3 假劣(lie)種子

    《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)法》第46條對(dui)假劣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進行了詳細(xi)描(miao)述。下(xia)列種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)假種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：以(yi)非種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)冒(mao)充種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)者以(yi)此種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)冒(mao)充他種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類、品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、產地與標簽標注的內(nei)容(rong)不(bu)符的。下(xia)列種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)劣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：質量(liang)低于國(guo)家(jia)規定(ding)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用標準的；質量(liang)低于標簽標注指標的；因變質不(bu)能作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)使用的；雜草種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的比率(lv)超(chao)過規定(ding)的；帶有國(guo)家(jia)規定(ding)檢疫對(dui)象的有害生物(wu)的。

    在(zai)實際操作中，許(xu)多單位和個人認為種(zhong)子質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)只(zhi)有純度、凈度、水分和發芽率四個指(zhi)標(biao)，當出現質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)糾紛時(shi)，聲(sheng)稱僅(jin)對這四項(xiang)內容負責。如上所述，在(zai)大田(tian)植時(shi)種(zhong)子質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)還(huan)應包括(kuo)豐產(chan)性、抗病蟲能力、抗逆性、生育期長短及品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)處理種(zhong)子質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)糾紛時(shi)，應該考慮(lv)到這些(xie)因素。

    2 種子質量糾紛的成因

    2.1 純度

    每個品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都具(ju)有(you)自己一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)特(te)征特(te)性(xing)(xing)，在(zai)(zai)大田(tian)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，其田(tian)間(jian)表現(xian)(xian)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)整(zheng)齊致(zhi)。當某(mou)個作物品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)部(bu)分植(zhi)株(zhu)與(yu)該(gai)(gai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)征特(te)性(xing)(xing)表現(xian)(xian)不一(yi)致(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，該(gai)(gai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)純度就(jiu)存在(zai)(zai)問題，當純度低于規定(ding)的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)值（指國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)或地方標準(zhun)(zhun)，無標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)指合同約定(ding)的(de)純度指標）時(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)是不合格種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，造(zao)成純度不合格的(de)原(yuan)因有(you)：在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)產種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)隔離(li)不嚴，出(chu)現(xian)(xian)生(sheng)物學混(hun)雜(za)(za)；該(gai)(gai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)遺傳性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)不穩(wen)定(ding)，在(zai)(zai)F2出(chu)現(xian)(xian)嚴重分離(li)；生(sheng)產、加工過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)操作失誤(wu)，造(zao)成機械混(hun)雜(za)(za)；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子使(shi)用者操作失誤(wu)，造(zao)成機械混(hun)雜(za)(za)。

    2.2 凈(jing)度

    指種(zhong)子(zi)中凈(jing)種(zhong)子(zi)重量百(bai)分率(lv)的(de)(de)最低限度，以及(ji)其他(ta)植物種(zhong)子(zi)和雜(za)質所屬種(zhong)類。凡(fan)低于凈(jing)種(zhong)子(zi)重量百(bai)分率(lv)規(gui)定(ding)標準的(de)(de)，或雜(za)草種(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)比率(lv)超過(guo)規(gui)定(ding)值的(de)(de)，為不合格種(zhong)子(zi)。主(zhu)要原因是生產、加工(gong)過(guo)程中質量把關不嚴，混入(ru)其他(ta)雜(za)質；加工(gong)設備落后，不能有效清除(chu)雜(za)質；人為摻雜(za)。

    2.3 發芽率(lv)

    在檢驗(yan)室內幼苗出(chu)現和生長達(da)到(dao)一定(ding)(ding)階(jie)段，其主(zhu)要構(gou)造(zao)表明能(neng)否在田間的(de)適宜條(tiao)件下(xia)生長成為正常植株的(de)百(bai)分率(lv)。當(dang)發(fa)芽率(lv)低于規定(ding)(ding)標準時，是不(bu)合格(ge)種(zhong)子，造(zao)成發(fa)芽率(lv)不(bu)達(da)標的(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)因是遇異常天氣不(bu)能(neng)及時收獲曬(shai)干，造(zao)成發(fa)芽或霉(mei)變；貯藏保(bao)管不(bu)當(dang)；種(zhong)子使用(yong)者(zhe)浸種(zhong)催(cui)芽方法不(bu)當(dang)。

    2.4 水分

    從種子(zi)檢驗角度來(lai)說，種子(zi)水(shui)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指種子(zi)樣品在沒有(you)任(ren)何化學變(bian)化的條(tiao)件下，與周圍蒸(zheng)汽壓平衡至零時(shi)所失去的重量，它(ta)包(bao)括自(zi)由水(shui)和束縛水(shui)兩種，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)影響(xiang)種子(zi)壽命、安全包(bao)裝及貯藏水(shui)分(fen)的最高限度。當(dang)高于此限度，即為不合格種子(zi)，形成的主要原因是(shi)(shi)(shi)種子(zi)入庫前未曬干、貯藏環境潮濕。

    2.5 種(zhong)子遺(yi)傳性(xing)狀

    作物新(xin)品種都是育種者在一定(ding)(ding)的條件下(xia)選育而成(cheng)，需要一定(ding)(ding)的地理環(huan)境(jing)和特(te)定(ding)(ding)的生(sheng)(sheng)態、生(sheng)(sheng)產條件，也就(jiu)是說具有特(te)定(ding)(ding)的遺傳特(te)性，它包括豐產性、抗(kang)病蟲能力、抗(kang)逆性、生(sheng)(sheng)育期和品質。在適宜的區域外，就(jiu)會(hui)出現異(yi)常表現。

    3 種子質量(liang)糾(jiu)紛在(zai)大(da)田(tian)的主要表現及法(fa)律(lv)責(ze)任的劃分

    當(dang)在大田(tian)現種(zhong)子(zi)質量糾紛需要劃分法律責任時，不能僅僅從種(zhong)子(zi)的(de)純度(du)、凈度(du)、水分和發芽率表現上考慮(lv)(lv)，還要考慮(lv)(lv)種(zhong)子(zi)的(de)遺傳(chuan)特性，即(ji)從廣(guang)義的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)質量上去判定。

    一(yi)是種子(zi)在(zai)大田(tian)植時，純度低于規(gui)定的(de)標準(zhun)，表現為參差不齊(qi)，雜(za)(za)株的(de)生(sheng)育期和植株高矮與正常株不一(yi)致。種子(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)提供(gong)遺傳性狀不穩定的(de)種子(zi)或(huo)者(zhe)在(zai)種子(zi)生(sheng)產(chan)、加工過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)操作(zuo)不規(gui)范，造(zao)成生(sheng)物學混(hun)雜(za)(za)或(huo)機械混(hun)雜(za)(za)的(de)，種子(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)應承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)全(quan)部(bu)法律責(ze)任；種子(zi)經營(ying)者(zhe)在(zai)種子(zi)銷售過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由于工作(zuo)失誤而發(fa)錯種，種子(zi)經營(ying)者(zhe)應承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)法律責(ze)任；種子(zi)使(shi)用(yong)者(zhe)在(zai)種子(zi)使(shi)用(yong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由于不小心(xin)將不同品種混(hun)合一(yi)起，種子(zi)使(shi)用(yong)者(zhe)應自己承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)由此(ci)造(zao)成的(de)損失。

    二是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在(zai)大田植表現出的(de)特征(zheng)特性(xing)與該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)真實特征(zheng)性(xing)存在(zai)明顯(xian)差異。如果是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企業故(gu)制售(shou)假種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它應承(cheng)擔(dan)由(you)此(ci)產(chan)生的(de)法律責(ze)任；是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)經(jing)營者無意中將(jiang)甲品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)(dang)作乙(yi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銷售(shou)，也要承(cheng)擔(dan)由(you)此(ci)產(chan)生的(de)責(ze)任；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)使用者因失誤將(jiang)甲品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)(dang)作乙(yi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使用，自己(ji)應承(cheng)擔(dan)該責(ze)任。

    三是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)大(da)田種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植因(yin)適應性(xing)、病(bing)蟲危(wei)害造(zao)成(cheng)減產。如果是(shi)沒有(you)通(tong)過(guo)國家審(shen)定或(huo)所(suo)在(zai)省(sheng)級審(shen)定的(de)主要農作(zuo)物品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)營推(tui)廣者應該(gai)承擔(dan)全部責任(ren)；已經(jing)通(tong)過(guo)審(shen)定但品審(shen)公(gong)告確(que)定的(de)適宜使(shi)用(yong)(yong)范圍并沒有(you)包括(kuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者所(suo)在(zai)地域，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)營者應承擔(dan)全部責任(ren)；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)營者在(zai)銷售種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)時，沒有(you)向種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者準確(que)提供(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)簡(jian)要性(xing)狀、主要栽(zai)培技術、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)條件(jian)的(de)說明，或(huo)提供(gong)了帶有(you)國家規定檢疫對象的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，應承擔(dan)由此產生的(de)責任(ren)；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者沒有(you)按品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介紹正確(que)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，或(huo)者栽(zai)培管(guan)理措施不到位而造(zao)成(cheng)損失，應自己承擔(dan)責任(ren)。

    四是依據(ju)《中華人民(min)共和國(guo)農(nong)業技(ji)(ji)術推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣法》第4條(tiao)和第19條(tiao)規定(ding)，農(nong)業技(ji)(ji)術推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣應(ying)“因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜，經(jing)(jing)過試(shi)驗(yan)、示范(fan)”；“必須在(zai)推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣地(di)區(qu)經(jing)(jing)過試(shi)驗(yan)證明具有先進性和適用(yong)性”。推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣農(nong)作物新品種是農(nong)業技(ji)(ji)術推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣的(de)(de)(de)一種特殊形式。新品種應(ying)該經(jing)(jing)過試(shi)驗(yan)示范(fan)，了解該品種在(zai)當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)種植表現(xian)，來確定(ding)是否能(neng)在(zai)本地(di)區(qu)推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣，否則，應(ying)承擔(dan)因(yin)此(ci)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)法律責任。

    五(wu)是種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質量糾紛產(chan)生(sheng)的法(fa)律責(ze)(ze)任(ren)分(fen)為(wei)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)和民事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)是指(zhi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)產(chan)、經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe)在生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，因(yin)(yin)其違反(fan)《種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)法(fa)》及相關法(fa)律法(fa)規的規定而(er)應(ying)依(yi)法(fa)受到的行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)處(chu)(chu)罰，它遵循“法(fa)無明文(wen)規定不(bu)罰”的原則。民事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)是指(zhi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)產(chan)、經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe)因(yin)(yin)違反(fan)《種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)法(fa)》及相關法(fa)律法(fa)規的規定，或者(zhe)因(yin)(yin)自(zi)己的工作失(shi)(shi)誤，提供(gong)的種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)給種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用者(zhe)造(zao)(zao)成經(jing)濟(ji)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，依(yi)法(fa)應(ying)予以賠償。民事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)可通過(guo)協商、調解、仲裁解決，如協商、促裁不(bu)成，可向人民法(fa)院起訴；產(chan)生(sheng)民事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)的前提是已經(jing)給種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用者(zhe)造(zao)(zao)成了經(jing)濟(ji)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，當種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)產(chan)、經(jing)者(zhe)因(yin)(yin)違法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)要承擔行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，但(dan)是其違法(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)并沒有給種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)使(shi)用者(zhe)造(zao)(zao)成損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，也就不(bu)需要承擔民事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。（轉載請注明作者(zhe)、出處(chu)(chu)）