造就培養高素質農業生產經營者隊伍

——解(jie)讀《“十三(san)五”全國新型職業農民(min)培(pei)育發展規劃》

近日，農業部印發《“十三五”全國新型職業農民培育發展規劃》，明確“十三五”我國新型職業農民培育的發展思路、主要任務、重點工程和具體措施。日前，記者采訪了農業部科技教(jiao)育司負責人，就《規(gui)劃》進行進一步解讀(du)。

問：《“十三(san)五(wu)”全國新型職業農民培育發展規劃(hua)》出臺的背景是什(shen)么？

答：黨中央國務院高度重視新(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)工作。在當前(qian)傳統農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)向現代(dai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型升級過程(cheng)中提(ti)出大力培育(yu)(yu)新(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有三方面(mian)考慮(lv)：一是(shi)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化、城鎮化快(kuai)速發(fa)展吸引(yin)大量農(nong)(nong)村勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力特別是(shi)青(qing)壯(zhuang)年勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力轉移就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，迫切需要(yao)(yao)破解農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力老齡化、婦(fu)女化、兼業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化困境(jing)，解決(jue)“誰來(lai)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)”“如(ru)何種(zhong)(zhong)好地(di)(di)”問(wen)題，吸引(yin)年輕人(ren)務農(nong)(nong)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)；二是(shi)現代(dai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)發(fa)展，推進規模化、集約化、專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化生(sheng)產，首先(xian)要(yao)(yao)確(que)保地(di)(di)有人(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)、田有人(ren)耕，必須加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)培育(yu)(yu)新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營主(zhu)(zhu)體，壯(zhuang)大新(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)隊(dui)伍；三是(shi)推進城鄉一體化發(fa)展和(he)全(quan)面(mian)建(jian)成小康(kang)社(she)會，要(yao)(yao)抓緊填平(ping)補齊農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)素質這塊(kuai)短板(ban)，讓(rang)廣大農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)共享現代(dai)化成果。

問：“十二(er)五”新型職業農民培育工(gong)作的(de)主要成效有哪些(xie)？

答：2012年以(yi)來，按照黨中央(yang)國務院的部(bu)(bu)署(shu)要求，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)、財政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)啟動實施(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)程，各(ge)地加大組織實施(shi)力(li)度，創新(xin)(xin)(xin)機制(zhi)、建立制(zhi)度、健全(quan)體(ti)系，新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)作取得(de)明(ming)顯(xian)進展(zhan)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)全(quan)國新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)作格局與氛(fen)圍已經形成(cheng)(cheng)。連(lian)續5年中央(yang)一(yi)(yi)號文(wen)件部(bu)(bu)署(shu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)作，全(quan)國8個整省(sheng)、30個整市、800整縣(xian)示范(fan)推進，覆蓋1800多(duo)個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)縣(xian)。二(er)(er)是(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)隊伍初(chu)步形成(cheng)(cheng)，正在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)為現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建設的主(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)(dao)力(li)量(liang)。到“十二(er)(er)五”期末，全(quan)國新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)規(gui)模達到1272萬(wan)人(ren)，比2010年增長55%，大批新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)活躍在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)經營(ying)(ying)一(yi)(yi)線，為現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)注入新(xin)(xin)(xin)鮮血液(ye)，成(cheng)(cheng)為新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)(ying)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)的骨干力(li)量(liang)，成(cheng)(cheng)為新(xin)(xin)(xin)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)的踐(jian)行(xing)者，成(cheng)(cheng)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉方式調結構的引路人(ren)。三是(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)度框(kuang)架基本確(que)立。確(que)立了教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)訓、規(gui)范(fan)管理、政(zheng)策扶持“三位一(yi)(yi)體(ti)”，生產(chan)經營(ying)(ying)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技能型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)服務型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)“三類(lei)協同”，初(chu)級(ji)(ji)、中級(ji)(ji)、高級(ji)(ji)“三級(ji)(ji)貫(guan)通”的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)度框(kuang)架。四(si)是(shi)“一(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)元”的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)系初(chu)步形成(cheng)(cheng)。形成(cheng)(cheng)了黨委政(zheng)府主(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)(dao)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)牽頭(tou)，相(xiang)關部(bu)(bu)門(men)密切配合，各(ge)類(lei)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)訓機構和社會力(li)量(liang)廣泛參與的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)系。

問：“十三五”新(xin)型職業農民培(pei)育工作(zuo)面臨的挑戰是什么(me)？

答：從(cong)外部環(huan)境來(lai)看：城鄉發展(zhan)差距仍然較(jiao)大，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村公共(gong)設施和(he)公共(gong)服務(wu)滯后，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業新(xin)老矛盾交織，生產(chan)成本上升(sheng)，部分農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品價格持續走低(di)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業比較(jiao)效益(yi)下降，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)持續增收壓力(li)大，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村勞動(dong)力(li)特別是青(qing)壯年勞動(dong)力(li)留農(nong)(nong)(nong)務(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)的(de)內生動(dong)力(li)總體(ti)不足(zu)，新(xin)型職(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)隊伍發展(zhan)面臨(lin)基礎不牢、人員不穩等(deng)問題，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)要成為(wei)體(ti)面的(de)職(zhi)業任重道遠。

從內部條件來看：新型職業農(nong)民培育的(de)針對性(xing)(xing)、規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)(xing)、有效性(xing)(xing)亟(ji)待提高，高水平(ping)師資缺乏，實訓(xun)及創(chuang)業孵化基地、信息化手(shou)段等(deng)基礎條件薄弱(ruo)，社會資源廣泛參與的(de)機制不活，培育精準程(cheng)度總體(ti)(ti)不高，與現代農(nong)業建設加快推(tui)進(jin)、新型農(nong)業經營主體(ti)(ti)蓬勃發展的(de)需要不相(xiang)適(shi)應。

問：《“十三五”全國新(xin)型(xing)職業農民培(pei)育發展規劃》的指導思想、原(yuan)則(ze)和目(mu)標(biao)是什(shen)么？

答：這個(ge)(ge)《規劃》是新型職(zhi)業農民概念提出以來，我(wo)國(guo)制(zhi)定的(de)第(di)一個(ge)(ge)專門規劃，對于推動(dong)“十(shi)三五(wu)”期(qi)間的(de)新型職(zhi)業農民持續健康發展具有重(zhong)要意(yi)義(yi)。

從指導思想上，以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)民、扶(fu)持農(nong)民、富裕農(nong)民為方向(xiang)，以(yi)吸(xi)引年(nian)輕(qing)人務農(nong)、培(pei)養職業(ye)農(nong)民為重點，建(jian)(jian)立(li)專門政策機制，完善培(pei)育制度，強化(hua)培(pei)育體(ti)系，提(ti)(ti)升培(pei)育能力，通過培(pei)訓提(ti)(ti)高一(yi)批、吸(xi)引發展(zhan)一(yi)批、培(pei)養儲備一(yi)批，加快構建(jian)(jian)一(yi)支有文(wen)化(hua)、懂技術、善經(jing)營、會管理的(de)新型(xing)職業(ye)農(nong)民隊(dui)伍，為農(nong)業(ye)現(xian)代化(hua)建(jian)(jian)設提(ti)(ti)供堅實(shi)的(de)人力基礎和(he)保(bao)障(zhang)。

從基本原則上，堅(jian)持政(zheng)(zheng)府主導(dao)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)統籌(chou)協調，制定扶持政(zheng)(zheng)策，加(jia)大經費(fei)投入，改善培(pei)(pei)育(yu)條件，營造(zao)良好氛圍(wei)。堅(jian)持市(shi)場機制，調動農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)參與(yu)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)的積極性(xing)，調動社(she)會(hui)力量和(he)市(shi)場主體參與(yu)的積極性(xing)。堅(jian)持立足(zu)產(chan)業(ye)。圍(wei)繞農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)供給側結構性(xing)改革工作主線，以(yi)綠色發展為導(dao)向，以(yi)提質(zhi)增(zeng)效和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增(zeng)收為目標(biao)，加(jia)快推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)轉型(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)，促進(jin)主導(dao)產(chan)業(ye)、特色產(chan)業(ye)和(he)優勢(shi)產(chan)業(ye)做大做強(qiang)(qiang)。堅(jian)持精準培(pei)(pei)育(yu)。著眼構建(jian)新(xin)型(xing)職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)隊伍，科(ke)學遴選培(pei)(pei)育(yu)對(dui)象(xiang)，分(fen)產(chan)業(ye)、分(fen)類型(xing)、分(fen)層(ceng)級(ji)(ji)、分(fen)模塊實施教育(yu)培(pei)(pei)訓，強(qiang)(qiang)化規范管理、政(zheng)(zheng)策扶持和(he)跟蹤服(fu)務，把職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培(pei)(pei)養成建(jian)設現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的主導(dao)力量。

從(cong)發展目標上，《規劃》提出(chu)到2020年(nian)我國新型(xing)職業農民總量超過2000萬人的發展目標，并從(cong)文(wen)化素質、行業分(fen)布、信息化手段、培育(yu)體系和培育(yu)制度等方面提出(chu)了7項(xiang)約束(shu)性指標和三項(xiang)預期性指標。

問：《“十(shi)三五”全(quan)國(guo)新型職業(ye)農民培(pei)育發展規劃》的主要任務(wu)是(shi)什么？

答：《規(gui)(gui)劃》以解(jie)(jie)決(jue)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)對性(xing)(xing)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)和有效性(xing)(xing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)為出(chu)發(fa)(fa)點，著力提(ti)升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能(neng)力和培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎保障能(neng)力，確定新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)五大任務(wu)。一是選準對象、分(fen)類施(shi)策，提(ti)高(gao)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)對性(xing)(xing)，主要(yao)從(cong)遴選培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對象、科學(xue)設置培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)內容、分(fen)層分(fen)類開展(zhan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)等(deng)方面，重點解(jie)(jie)決(jue)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)誰、培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)什(shen)么(me)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。二是創新(xin)(xin)機制(zhi)(zhi)、多措(cuo)并舉，增強新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效性(xing)(xing)，主要(yao)是從(cong)創新(xin)(xin)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機制(zhi)(zhi)、探索培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)模式、運(yun)用信息(xi)化手段等(deng)方面，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)誰來培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、怎么(me)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。三是規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)認定、科學(xue)管(guan)理(li)，加(jia)強新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)，主要(yao)從(cong)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)認定管(guan)理(li)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)信息(xi)管(guan)理(li)等(deng)方面，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)隊(dui)伍管(guan)理(li)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)化、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)化、信息(xi)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。四是跟(gen)(gen)蹤服務(wu)、定向扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)，提(ti)升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能(neng)力，主要(yao)從(cong)加(jia)強跟(gen)(gen)蹤指導服務(wu)、加(jia)大政策扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)力度(du)、鼓勵交流(liu)合作(zuo)等(deng)方面，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)后(hou)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。五是鞏固(gu)基(ji)(ji)礎，改善條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，提(ti)升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保障能(neng)力，主要(yao)從(cong)加(jia)強師(shi)資隊(dui)伍建(jian)設、改善培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)(ji)礎條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、優化教學(xue)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)資源(yuan)等(deng)方面，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工作(zuo)基(ji)(ji)礎支撐條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。