本(ben)文(wen)以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)為基礎，根(gen)據小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)育種主體(ti)、種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)/種植(zhi)主體(ti)和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別設計3套電子問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)（表1），使用問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)星(xing)（在(zai)線問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)查平臺(tai)）進行(xing)(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)，同時(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)電話咨詢調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)。第(di)1套問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)育種單(dan)位(wei)對(dui)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)未(wei)來需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，主要是(shi)育種環節育種單(dan)位(wei)種質資源狀(zhuang)況、育成品(pin)(pin)(pin)種、目(mu)前和(he)(he)未(wei)來育種目(mu)標等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容(rong)(rong)；第(di)2套問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及種植(zhi)戶對(dui)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)未(wei)來需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及種植(zhi)戶對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)目(mu)標是(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)，設計為一(yi)張問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，內容(rong)(rong)主要是(shi)對(dui)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種特性(xing)要求(qiu)(qiu)、風險考量和(he)(he)未(wei)來需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容(rong)(rong)；第(di)3套問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)未(wei)來需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，主要是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)類型、小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)原(yuan)糧品(pin)(pin)(pin)質需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)及現(xian)狀(zhuang)、未(wei)來品(pin)(pin)(pin)質關注點等(deng)(deng)(deng)內容(rong)(rong)。本(ben)次調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)時(shi)(shi)間為2022年(nian)10-12月，問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)星(xing)（在(zai)線問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)查平臺(tai)）電子問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)通過“國科農研(yan)院”微信公眾號發(fa)放(fang)到行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員或專業(ye)(ye)(ye)微信群，問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)星(xing)后臺(tai)自動搜集填寫信息，問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)有效性(xing)和(he)(he)統(tong)計分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)由問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)星(xing)自動識(shi)別和(he)(he)完(wan)成。電話咨詢以(yi)電話形式(shi)就行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展現(xian)狀(zhuang)、存在(zai)問(wen)(wen)題及可能的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策(ce)等(deng)(deng)(deng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內容(rong)(rong)咨詢育種家、種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、種植(zhi)大戶、加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術人(ren)員和(he)(he)采購(gou)人(ren)員等(deng)(deng)(deng)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員，然后進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)總結。通過問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)統(tong)計分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)咨詢情(qing)況，從產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈視角(jiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)我國小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種品(pin)(pin)(pin)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，提(ti)出針對(dui)性(xing)對(dui)策(ce)措施。

      1

      我國小麥產業發展基本現狀

      1.1小(xiao)麥(mai)育(yu)種(zhong)有效支撐小(xiao)麥(mai)產業發(fa)展

      1949年(nian)以(yi)來，我(wo)國(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)育種(zhong)(zhong)大致經歷了(le)3個階段，取(qu)得(de)了(le)巨大成(cheng)(cheng)就。新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立時(shi)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)地方品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主，整體抗病性較差(cha)、株高(gao)(gao)較高(gao)(gao)、單(dan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)水平低，1949年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)僅642.10kg/hm²（國(guo)家統(tong)(tong)計局(ju)(ju)）。1950年(nian)春條銹病大爆發(fa)(fa)導致小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)損失產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)約60億kg，相當于(yu)667萬hm²（1億畝）以(yi)上(shang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)絕(jue)收。為(wei)解決小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)發(fa)(fa)展面臨的(de)(de)問(wen)題，我(wo)國(guo)開展了(le)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)遺傳改良工作，先后育成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)以(yi)碧(bi)螞1號、泰山1號、百農3217、鄭麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)9023、矮抗58、濟(ji)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)22、豫(yu)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)34、濟(ji)南17、師欒(luan)02-1和(he)新(xin)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)26等為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)一系(xi)列高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)優質(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，使我(wo)國(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)和(he)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)得(de)到(dao)(dao)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)。2022年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)5856.00kg/hm²（國(guo)家統(tong)(tong)計局(ju)(ju)），約是1980年(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)（1913.89kg/hm²）的(de)(de)3倍(bei)，遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)美國(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)（2021年(nian)度(du)2980.57kg/hm²，USDA公開數(shu)據）。雖然我(wo)國(guo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)面積由1980年(nian)的(de)(de)2884.44萬hm²下降到(dao)(dao)2022年(nian)的(de)(de)2351.85萬hm²，但(dan)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)由5520.5萬t上(shang)升到(dao)(dao)13772.3萬t，2022年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)是1980年(nian)的(de)(de)2.49倍(bei)。同時(shi)優質(zhi)(zhi)強筋(jin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)在生產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)的(de)(de)大面積應用(yong)，也實現了(le)進口優質(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)部分替代(dai)，有力支撐了(le)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展，滿足了(le)國(guo)內小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)消費需求。

      1.2企業(ye)研(yan)發投入(ru)和實(shi)力逐步提(ti)高，創(chuang)新體系逐步完善

      我國小麥種業由無到有、由弱到強逐步發展。2020年經營小麥種子企業1291家，其中銷售本企業小麥種子1111家，按照銷售本企業種子經營量計算CR5和CR10占比分別為12.76%和19.49%，整體仍然處于數量多、規模小、實力弱的不利局面。但以中國種子集團有限公司、中農發種業集團股份有限公司、袁隆平農業高科技股份有限公司、江蘇省大華種業集團有限公司、河南豐德康種業有限公司等為代表的小麥種業龍頭企業研發投入水平持續提高，育種人才、基地和測試體系日趨完備，配備了加代溫室、分子生物學實驗室等設施，年投入普遍在500萬元以上，部分達到千萬元以上，逐步健全了以企業為主體、市場為導向、研產銷結合的小麥種業創新體系。以育種水平最高的國審品(pin)(pin)種為例，2022年(nian)通過(guo)國家審定的小麥(mai)品(pin)(pin)種176個（中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村部公告第(di)557號），其(qi)中(zhong)企業(ye)獨立(li)育(yu)成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)種82個，占比46.6%；企業(ye)和(he)科研單位合(he)作(zuo)育(yu)成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)種17個，占9.7%；兩者(zhe)合(he)計(ji)99個，占56.3%，超過(guo)了審定品(pin)(pin)種數量的一半(ban)。

      1.3基礎研(yan)究和種質(zhi)資源為(wei)育種科研(yan)提(ti)供了(le)堅實基礎

      2020年底將國內多個研究團隊成果、共計627份六倍體小麥重測序數據整合在一起，構建了“小麥基因組變異聯合數據庫”—WheatUnion（訪問鏈接：http：//wheat.cau.edu.cn/WheatUnion/），為小麥基礎研究提(ti)供(gong)海量基因(yin)組數據(ju)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)動化高通量表型分析(xi)系(xi)統(tong)和測(ce)序平臺廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)于基因(yin)挖掘、性狀解析(xi)和預測(ce)，結合使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)年多代(dai)的快速育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術，縮短品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育(yu)(yu)成年限。建立遺傳轉化體(ti)(ti)系(xi)和基因(yin)編輯技術體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，克隆(long)了一(yi)批(pi)高產、優質(zhi)、營養(yang)高效和抗逆基因(yin)，創制(zhi)了一(yi)批(pi)優異種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，為育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)供(gong)了豐富的基礎材料和優異的基因(yin)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。鑒定并克隆(long)了抗赤霉病(bing)、條銹病(bing)、葉銹病(bing)、白粉病(bing)等抗病(bing)基因(yin)，耐熱、耐旱、氮磷高效利用(yong)等基因(yin)。創制(zhi)了一(yi)批(pi)以矮孟牛（Ⅰ~Ⅹ型）、小偃6號(hao)、周8425B等為代(dai)表的矮稈(gan)、高產、多抗、優質(zhi)的優異種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。建立了相(xiang)對完整的小麥種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，長期保(bao)存(cun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)6萬(wan)份以上，為小麥育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)供(gong)了堅實的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)基礎。

      2

      產業鏈視角下小麥產業發展存在的問題

      2.1小麥產需基本(ben)平衡(heng)，但存(cun)在結構(gou)性矛盾(dun)

      我國小麥產需基本平衡，產略大于需。但由于我國小麥品種多、亂、雜，農戶種植面積小，普遍混種混收，糧食均一性、批次間穩定性和專用性差，主要加工普通面粉。近些年每年需要進口300萬~400萬t強筋和弱筋優質小麥以補充結構性不足，用于加工中高端面粉和食品（2020年及以后因小麥玉米價(jia)格倒掛，飼(si)料小(xiao)麥(mai)進口(kou)(kou)量(liang)增(zeng)加，導致小(xiao)麥(mai)進口(kou)(kou)激增(zeng)）。超(chao)市(shi)觀察(cha)和加工企(qi)業咨(zi)詢發現，市(shi)售(shou)中高端面(mian)條、面(mian)包和蛋糕(gao)幾乎(hu)都需要(yao)添加部(bu)分(fen)或全部(bu)使用(yong)進口(kou)(kou)小(xiao)麥(mai)作為原(yuan)料，超(chao)市(shi)家用(yong)面(mian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)價(jia)格高于40元/5kg的(de)袋裝面(mian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)大部(bu)分(fen)是進口(kou)(kou)小(xiao)麥(mai)或添加部(bu)分(fen)進口(kou)(kou)小(xiao)麥(mai)，小(xiao)部(bu)分(fen)是以(yi)寧春4號(hao)、新冬22等優質專用(yong)小(xiao)麥(mai)為原(yuan)料生產的(de)雪花粉(fen)(fen)(fen)、餃子/面(mian)條專用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)。

      本次針對小(xiao)麥(mai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，在“當前我(wo)國小(xiao)麥(mai)是(shi)否滿足(zu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)品質(zhi)需求”的(de)(de)(de)4個選(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)，32.20%和(he)55.93%的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者(zhe)分(fen)(fen)別選(xuan)擇了“能”和(he)“大部分(fen)(fen)情(qing)況下(xia)能”，5.08%和(he)6.78%的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者(zhe)分(fen)(fen)別選(xuan)擇了“小(xiao)部分(fen)(fen)情(qing)況下(xia)能”和(he)“不能”。在“產品類(lei)型”的(de)(de)(de)4個選(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)，23.73%的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者(zhe)選(xuan)擇了“通用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)（多用(yong)途(tu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)）”，50.85%的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者(zhe)選(xuan)擇了“通用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)（多用(yong)途(tu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)）+專(zhuan)用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)”，合計占比74.58%；23.73%的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者(zhe)選(xuan)擇了“專(zhuan)用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)（烘(hong)焙類(lei)如(ru)面(mian)包粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、蛋糕粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、餅(bing)干等；蒸煮類(lei)如(ru)饅(man)頭/包點粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、餃(jiao)子皮粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、面(mian)條粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)；油炸類(lei)如(ru)油條粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)等）”，這同當前國內大部分(fen)(fen)面(mian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)以通用(yong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)（多用(yong)途(tu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)）加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)為主相符(fu)合。調(diao)研結(jie)果(guo)也反映了我(wo)國小(xiao)麥(mai)產需基本平衡，但國產優質(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)型小(xiao)麥(mai)尚不能滿足(zu)需求，供(gong)需存在結(jie)構性矛盾的(de)(de)(de)現狀。

      2.2小(xiao)麥產業上(shang)下(xia)游需(xu)求錯配，存在脫節現(xian)象

      我國(guo)小麥育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)和生產(chan)(chan)長期以(yi)提高產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、增(zeng)加(jia)供(gong)給、保障軍需(xu)民用(yong)(yong)為(wei)發展(zhan)(zhan)目標，產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)居于世界先進水平；但因(yin)種(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資源(yuan)限制，品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)發展(zhan)(zhan)較慢，現有優質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、抗(kang)病(bing)、抗(kang)倒、耐(nai)倒春寒(han)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)同(tong)高產(chan)(chan)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)差(cha)距，尤其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)植主(zhu)(zhu)體最關注(zhu)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)性狀，普遍存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)差(cha)距。同(tong)時，限于國(guo)內市場消費(fei)仍以(yi)中低端通用(yong)(yong)粉為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，加(jia)上市場波動、進口等(deng)因(yin)素(su)影響，部分年份(fen)優質(zhi)(zhi)強筋小麥供(gong)大于求(qiu)時加(jia)價(jia)收(shou)益無(wu)法彌(mi)補產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)損失(shi)，導致產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和種(zhong)(zhong)植風險(xian)等(deng)效益相關因(yin)素(su)仍然是種(zhong)(zhong)業企業/種(zhong)(zhong)植主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)重(zhong)點關注(zhu)因(yin)素(su)。但隨著我國(guo)社會經(jing)濟發展(zhan)(zhan)，面(mian)制品(pin)消費(fei)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)化和多樣(yang)化提高，對食品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)優異(yi)的(de)(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)小麥消費(fei)持續增(zeng)加(jia)，這同(tong)上游的(de)(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)目標、種(zhong)(zhong)業企業/種(zhong)(zhong)植主(zhu)(zhu)體品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇重(zhong)點關注(zhu)因(yin)素(su)等(deng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)錯配(pei)（表(biao)2）。

      針對當前品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和糧食方(fang)面調(diao)研(yan)顯示(shi)：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企(qi)業/種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)主(zhu)體(ti)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)(xu)求調(diao)研(yan)中(zhong)，37.50%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇了“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)廣適型(xing)(xing)(xing)（以產(chan)(chan)量為第一(yi)需(xu)(xu)求）”，23.03%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇了“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)抗逆型(xing)(xing)(xing)”，合計占(zhan)(zhan)60.53%；僅11.18%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)”，另有22.37%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇了“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)+抗逆+優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)”。育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)(dan)位當前育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)調(diao)研(yan)中(zhong)，僅12.30%的育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)(dan)位以“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)”為主(zhu)，其他仍以“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)廣適型(xing)(xing)(xing)”（以產(chan)(chan)量為第一(yi)需(xu)(xu)求，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)20.90%）、“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)抗逆型(xing)(xing)(xing)”（如(ru)抗病、抗倒、抗穗發芽型(xing)(xing)(xing)等，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)20.08%）、“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)+抗逆+優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)”（占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)35.25%）和“高(gao)產(chan)(chan)+高(gao)效型(xing)(xing)(xing)”（如(ru)節水耐旱、高(gao)光效、氮磷(lin)鉀高(gao)效利用(yong)等，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)8.20%）等為主(zhu)要育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)，“功(gong)能(neng)營(ying)養型(xing)(xing)(xing)”（如(ru)高(gao)抗性淀粉型(xing)(xing)(xing)、糯小麥(mai)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、彩粒型(xing)(xing)(xing)等，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)1.23%）育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也正在開展。但是(shi)，加(jia)工(gong)企(qi)業對小麥(mai)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)(xu)求調(diao)研(yan)中(zhong)，所(suo)有參(can)與(yu)者均提出小麥(mai)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)要求，其中(zhong)16.95%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇“食品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)明確(que)”，55.93%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇“理化(hua)指標(biao)(biao)+食品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)明確(que)”，關注小麥(mai)食品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)特性的占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)合計72.88%；另有27.12%的參(can)與(yu)者選(xuan)(xuan)擇“理化(hua)指標(biao)(biao)即可”。

      針對未(wei)來重點(dian)(dian)關注(zhu)品(pin)種(zhong)和(he)糧食(shi)方面調研顯示：47.37%和(he)32.89%的(de)(de)種(zhong)業(ye)企業(ye)/種(zhong)植(zhi)主體(ti)選(xuan)擇(ze)了“種(zhong)植(zhi)風(feng)險(xian)低，收益穩(wen)定”和(he)“品(pin)種(zhong)產量高(gao)第一位”的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)類型(xing)，合計(ji)占比80.26%；僅12.50%的(de)(de)參與者選(xuan)擇(ze)“糧食(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)好賣糧”的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)類型(xing)。但小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥加(jia)工企業(ye)的(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)關注(zhu)因素(su)則(ze)是完全相反的(de)(de)結果，55.93%和(he)22.03%的(de)(de)加(jia)工企業(ye)分別(bie)選(xuan)擇(ze)了“優質專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥”和(he)“與美加(jia)澳麥品(pin)質接(jie)近(jin)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)優質小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥”的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)類型(xing)，兩(liang)者合計(ji)占比達到77.96%。育(yu)種(zhong)單位中，以(yi)“高(gao)產優質專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)”和(he)“高(gao)產+抗逆+優質專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)”為未(wei)來種(zhong)質資源(yuan)創制和(he)育(yu)種(zhong)目標的(de)(de)分別(bie)占14.34%和(he)43.85%，合計(ji)占比58.19%，優質專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)上升為主要育(yu)種(zhong)目標之一（表3、表4）。

      調(diao)研分析結果基(ji)(ji)本反(fan)映了當前小(xiao)(xiao)麥產(chan)業育種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)(zhu)體、種(zhong)(zhong)業企業/種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)目(mu)標基(ji)(ji)本一(yi)(yi)致，以產(chan)量和種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)風險(xian)等種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)益相關(guan)因(yin)素(su)作為首要考量因(yin)素(su)，即產(chan)量為第(di)1位，逆境(jing)抗性其次，品(pin)質(zhi)作為考慮因(yin)素(su)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)；與之(zhi)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)是(shi)下游(you)加(jia)工(gong)企業將(jiang)小(xiao)(xiao)麥品(pin)質(zhi)放在第(di)1位，兩(liang)者之(zhi)間存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)脫節(jie)現象(xiang)。未來(lai)發展(zhan)方面(mian)，種(zhong)(zhong)業企業/種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體仍然以產(chan)量和種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)風險(xian)等效(xiao)益相關(guan)因(yin)素(su)為重(zhong)點關(guan)注(zhu)因(yin)素(su)，同(tong)(tong)加(jia)工(gong)企業對(dui)優質(zhi)專用小(xiao)(xiao)麥的(de)(de)需(xu)求存(cun)在脫節(jie)。但值得肯定的(de)(de)是(shi)，作為小(xiao)(xiao)麥產(chan)業核心(xin)、提供品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)育種(zhong)(zhong)單位將(jiang)優質(zhi)專用提升為主(zhu)(zhu)要育種(zhong)(zhong)目(mu)標之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，以對(dui)接下游(you)加(jia)工(gong)企業需(xu)求。

      2.3適(shi)度(du)規模種植發展(zhan)迅速，但(dan)仍未改變小麥混種混收(shou)的局面

      自2013年中(zhong)央一號(hao)文件(jian)提出健全(quan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)地(di)承包(bao)(bao)經營權登(deng)記制(zhi)度(du)以來(lai)，截(jie)至2020年11月(yue)全(quan)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)承包(bao)(bao)地(di)確權登(deng)記頒證(zheng)率(lv)超(chao)過96%（農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部），土(tu)地(di)流轉和(he)適(shi)度(du)規模(mo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)迅速發展(zhan)。截(jie)至2022年3月(yue)底，土(tu)地(di)經營權流轉面積(ji)超(chao)過3546.67萬hm²（5.32億(yi)畝(mu)）；依(yi)法(fa)登(deng)記的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)合作(zuo)社(she)達(da)222.2萬家，其(qi)中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧合作(zuo)社(she)達(da)48.3萬家；納入全(quan)國(guo)家庭(ting)(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)名(ming)錄系統的(de)(de)家庭(ting)(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)超(chao)過380萬個，其(qi)中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧家庭(ting)(ting)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)達(da)161.7萬個，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧面積(ji)達(da)1400萬hm²（2.1億(yi)畝(mu)）（農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部：對十三屆全(quan)國(guo)人大五次(ci)會議(yi)第4200號(hao)建議(yi)的(de)(de)答復）。適(shi)度(du)規模(mo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)地(di)租、機械(xie)、農(nong)(nong)資、人工和(he)能源等投入是小麥(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)剛性支出，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)收(shou)益(yi)嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)積(ji)極性，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)風險、單價(jia)和(he)產量等效益(yi)相關因素(su)成為品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選擇的(de)(de)重(zhong)點，單收(shou)、單儲會增加用工、運(yun)輸和(he)倉儲成本。因此，面對高度(du)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)糧食(shi)流通領(ling)域，適(shi)度(du)規模(mo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體在無明確溢價(jia)條件(jian)下的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)仍(reng)(reng)然處于混種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)混收(shou)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態，導(dao)致收(shou)購、儲藏等仍(reng)(reng)以混合小麥(mai)為主(zhu)(zhu)，品質均一性差、批(pi)次(ci)間不穩定。

      本次(ci)調研也印證了國內小麥生產整體(ti)上仍然處于混(hun)種(zhong)混(hun)收的(de)狀態，種(zhong)植主體(ti)參與者的(de)種(zhong)植規模(mo)在50畝(mu)(mu)以(yi)下、50~300畝(mu)(mu)、300~500畝(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)500畝(mu)(mu)以(yi)上的(de)占(zhan)比分別為19.10%、24.72%、12.36%和(he)(he)(he)(he)43.82%，其(qi)中大于300畝(mu)(mu)、具備較強(qiang)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)能(neng)力(li)的(de)新(xin)型農業(ye)種(zhong)植主體(ti)合計占(zhan)56.18%。但種(zhong)植主體(ti)銷售對象為“經紀人”（地頭和(he)(he)(he)(he)村里收購為主）、“糧貿商”（實力(li)強(qiang)，具有烘干設備和(he)(he)(he)(he)倉儲設施）、“當地面粉廠(chang)、酒廠(chang)等(deng)用糧企(qi)業(ye)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“國家和(he)(he)(he)(he)地方各(ge)(ge)類、各(ge)(ge)級糧庫(ku)”的(de)占(zhan)比分別為27.27%、30.68%、25.00%和(he)(he)(he)(he)17.05%；經紀人和(he)(he)(he)(he)糧貿商兩(liang)個傳統流通渠道占(zhan)比57.95%，直接銷售給面粉廠(chang)、酒廠(chang)等(deng)用糧企(qi)業(ye)的(de)種(zhong)植主體(ti)占(zhan)比僅25.00%，表明(ming)即使是具備一定(ding)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)能(neng)力(li)的(de)新(xin)型農業(ye)種(zhong)植主體(ti)的(de)糧食流通仍然處于混(hun)收、混(hun)銷狀態。

      2.4品種審定數量多，滿足小麥(mai)生產對產量和品質需求的少

      自2016年(nian)增加主(zhu)要農作物品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聯合(he)體(ti)試驗(yan)、拓寬品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)渠(qu)道后，小(xiao)麥品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)數量迅速增加；每年(nian)全國(guo)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量由2016年(nian)的(de)(de)186個，增加到2022年(nian)的(de)(de)484個（中(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業大數據平臺：品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)查(cha)詢，網(wang)址http：//202.127.42.47：6010/SDSite/Home/Index）。但因(yin)缺少突(tu)破性、關(guan)鍵性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)發現和創(chuang)制，在抗性、品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)、豐產性等關(guan)鍵性狀方面創(chuang)新不足，同質(zhi)化(hua)嚴重(zhong)，滿(man)足種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植端對(dui)高產優質(zhi)需求的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)少。如對(dui)代表最高育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水平之一的(de)(de)黃(huang)淮冬(dong)麥區南片國(guo)家小(xiao)麥品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)統一試驗(yan)參(can)試小(xiao)麥品(pin)(pin)系的(de)(de)親(qin)本組(zu)合(he)統計發現，“周麥”系列品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及其(qi)衍生品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)后代品(pin)(pin)系在2008年(nian)比(bi)較試驗(yan)和區域試驗(yan)參(can)試品(pin)(pin)系中(zhong)占比(bi)分別為40%和50%、在2022年(nian)占比(bi)分別為53%和63%。

      本(ben)次調研也反映出品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖(sui)多(duo)，但(dan)同(tong)生(sheng)產需求(qiu)(qiu)契合度低、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)效益一般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。針對育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)調研中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，“育(yu)成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)難(nan)易程度”的(de)(de)(de)(de)4個選(xuan)(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業主動(dong)登門，愿望(wang)(wang)強烈，成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)效益好(hao)”僅占(zhan)(zhan)13.93%，“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業主動(dong)登門，愿望(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)，成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)效益中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)”“育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)主動(dong)尋找(zhao)企業，成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)效益一般(ban)”和(he)(he)“成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)較難(nan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)分(fen)別為(wei)44.26%、26.23%和(he)(he)15.57%。在“如何看待目前參試和(he)(he)審定品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀”的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“同(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)嚴重，缺乏突(tu)破性品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)為(wei)50.41%，另(ling)有13.93%的(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“數量(liang)雖(sui)多(duo)，但(dan)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)不(bu)夠(gou)豐富，尚(shang)不(bu)能(neng)滿足(zu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)需求(qiu)(qiu)”。在“小(xiao)麥育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)親本(ben)材料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)本(ben)單(dan)位自創(chuang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“50%以(yi)上”的(de)(de)(de)(de)僅為(wei)22.54%，低于選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“30%”的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)52.04%，這一結(jie)果(guo)(guo)同(tong)“本(ben)單(dan)位育(yu)成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)骨干親本(ben)為(wei)自創(chuang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)自育(yu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)”選(xuan)(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“20%以(yi)下”和(he)(he)“20%~50%”（占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)分(fen)別為(wei)29.10%和(he)(he)34.84%）的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)基(ji)本(ben)一致，表(biao)明(ming)(ming)大部分(fen)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)創(chuang)制工作不(bu)足(zu)。但(dan)在“小(xiao)麥育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)親本(ben)材料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)引進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外材料(liao)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)“10%以(yi)下”的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)為(wei)80.33%，“大于10%”的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)為(wei)19.67%，表(biao)明(ming)(ming)少數希望(wang)(wang)尋求(qiu)(qiu)突(tu)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)已(yi)開始引進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材料(liao)，用來創(chuang)制、豐富種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，期望(wang)(wang)引進符合生(sheng)產需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)藝(yi)性狀。

      針對(dui)種(zhong)業(ye)企業(ye)/種(zhong)植主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)調研中，作(zuo)為(wei)直接選(xuan)擇(ze)、經營和(he)種(zhong)植品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)上認(ren)為(wei)當(dang)前(qian)(qian)品(pin)種(zhong)雖(sui)多，但(dan)缺乏創新(xin)，不(bu)足(zu)以滿(man)足(zu)生產需求。在“如何看待(dai)當(dang)前(qian)(qian)小(xiao)麥品(pin)種(zhong)數量(liang)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)狀”的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)項中，29.61%、20.39%和(he)14.47%的(de)(de)(de)參與者(zhe)分(fen)別選(xuan)擇(ze)了(le)“同質化品(pin)種(zhong)多，可選(xuan)擇(ze)性差”“數量(liang)多，但(dan)品(pin)種(zhong)類型(xing)不(bu)夠豐富，尚不(bu)能滿(man)足(zu)多樣化需求”和(he)“品(pin)種(zhong)不(bu)好(hao)甄別，選(xuan)擇(ze)困難”，合計(ji)占比64.47%，僅25.00%的(de)(de)(de)參與者(zhe)選(xuan)擇(ze)了(le)“可選(xuan)擇(ze)多，能夠滿(man)足(zu)種(zhong)植需求”。

      2.5品(pin)種(zhong)食品(pin)加工品(pin)質信息缺乏，對品(pin)種(zhong)選擇和加工引導不足(zu)

      國內小麥品(pin)種(zhong)審定(ding)分類(lei)目前(qian)執(zhi)行2017年頒(ban)布的(de)《主要農作(zuo)物品(pin)種(zhong)審定(ding)標(biao)準（國家級）》，將小麥品(pin)種(zhong)品(pin)質類(lei)型(xing)劃分為(wei)(wei)強筋(jin)、中強筋(jin)、中筋(jin)和弱筋(jin)共4類(lei)，較之前(qian)標(biao)準的(de)品(pin)質分類(lei)更為(wei)(wei)合(he)理和符(fu)合(he)我國實際。但(dan)品(pin)質分類(lei)判(pan)(pan)定(ding)依(yi)據(ju)一直是以理化指標(biao)為(wei)(wei)標(biao)準，未將食品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工品(pin)質評價納入其中，導(dao)(dao)致判(pan)(pan)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)同一品(pin)質類(lei)型(xing)的(de)不同品(pin)種(zhong)在(zai)食品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工品(pin)質方面存在(zai)較大差異(yi)，同時對下游種(zhong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)/種(zhong)植主體(ti)、加(jia)(jia)工企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)選擇和加(jia)(jia)工的(de)帶動、引導(dao)(dao)作(zuo)用不足，在(zai)一定(ding)程(cheng)度上會(hui)提高加(jia)(jia)工企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)。

      本次(ci)調(diao)研顯示，針對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)/種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)主體(ti)的(de)調(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)“對小麥品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)”的(de)4個(ge)選(xuan)項中(zhong)(zhong)，20.39%和(he)(he)(he)45.39%的(de)參(can)與者選(xuan)擇(ze)了“食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質明確(que)即可(ke)”和(he)(he)(he)“理化(hua)指(zhi)標+食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質明確(que)”，合計65.78%；20.39%和(he)(he)(he)12.50%的(de)參(can)與者選(xuan)擇(ze)了“理化(hua)指(zhi)標即可(ke)”和(he)(he)(he)“不關注品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質指(zhi)標和(he)(he)(he)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質”，表明面對下游需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)/種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)戶在(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze)上趨向于滿(man)足糧食收(shou)儲和(he)(he)(he)小麥加(jia)工企(qi)業(ye)的(de)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)。

      針對(dui)(dui)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)“小麥(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)不明確(que)(que)(que)情況下（主(zhu)要(yao)指面(mian)包、饅頭、面(mian)條和(he)(he)(he)蛋糕等4種食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)），對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)粉加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)下游食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4個選項中(zhong)(zhong)，47.46%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)大，極大提(ti)高(gao)成本”，32.20%選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)等”，僅有(you)15.25%和(he)(he)(he)5.08%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與者選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)小”和(he)(he)(he)“無(wu)影(ying)響(xiang)”，調(diao)(diao)研結果凸顯了(le)(le)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)信(xin)息對(dui)(dui)下游加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性；在(zai)(zai)“同一品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種在(zai)(zai)不同區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)穩定性或差異(yi)對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)粉加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)下游食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)”調(diao)(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，44.07%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)大，極大提(ti)高(gao)成本”，38.98%選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)等”，13.56%和(he)(he)(he)3.39%選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“影(ying)響(xiang)小”和(he)(he)(he)“無(wu)影(ying)響(xiang)”（表(biao)5）。在(zai)(zai)“普通中(zhong)(zhong)筋小麥(mai)收(shou)購(gou)時對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求”調(diao)(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，37.29%和(he)(he)(he)27.12%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與者分(fen)(fen)別選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“理化指標(biao)+食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)明確(que)(que)(que)”和(he)(he)(he)“食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)明確(que)(que)(que)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)”，合計(ji)64.41%，比例遠高(gao)于(yu)選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)“理化指標(biao)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)33.90%；在(zai)(zai)“優(you)質(zhi)麥(mai)收(shou)購(gou)/訂(ding)單農業(ye)對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求”調(diao)(diao)研中(zhong)(zhong)，52.54%和(he)(he)(he)23.73%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與者分(fen)(fen)別選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)了(le)(le)“理化指標(biao)+食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)明確(que)(que)(que)”和(he)(he)(he)“食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)明確(que)(que)(que)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)”，超過(guo)75%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與者希望明確(que)(que)(que)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)特性，遠高(gao)于(yu)選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)“理化指標(biao)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)22.03%（表(biao)6）。這(zhe)些結果表(biao)明，對(dui)(dui)小麥(mai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)來說，明確(que)(que)(que)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小麥(mai)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)原糧收(shou)購(gou)、降本增(zeng)效是有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

      在(zai)針(zhen)對育(yu)種(zhong)家的(de)(de)調研中，可以看(kan)出(chu)育(yu)種(zhong)家群體已針(zhen)對產業需求(qiu)變化在(zai)育(yu)種(zhong)目標(biao)(biao)制定上付諸行(xing)動。在(zai)“為應對未(wei)來需求(qiu)，品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)分(fen)類(lei)判定最需要增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)”的(de)(de)4個選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)項中，50.82%的(de)(de)參與者(zhe)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇了(le)“針(zhen)對品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)分(fen)類(lei)，增(zeng)加(jia)諸如蛋(dan)白質(zhi)質(zhi)量、食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)等(deng)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)（主(zhu)要指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)包、饅頭、面(mian)條和蛋(dan)糕等(deng)4種(zhong)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)）”，高(gao)于選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇“綠色優質(zhi)型(xing)：抗逆(ni)、綠色高(gao)效鑒定指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)（如養(yang)分(fen)高(gao)效或(huo)其他指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)）”的(de)(de)38.11%和“特殊類(lei)型(xing)：增(zeng)加(jia)功(gong)能營養(yang)型(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)（如抗性(xing)淀粉含量、微量元(yuan)素含量、功(gong)能活性(xing)物質(zhi)等(deng)）”的(de)(de)9.84%。這個結果反映出(chu)育(yu)種(zhong)家群體逐步認(ren)識到食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)對小麥(mai)產業發(fa)展的(de)(de)重要性(xing)，并希望以品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)審定品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)分(fen)類(lei)判定增(zeng)加(jia)相應檢測指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)方式引導(dao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)育(yu)種(zhong)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。同時，也反映出(chu)將食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)評價納入品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)審定標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)分(fen)類(lei)判定依(yi)據之中逐漸成為小麥(mai)產業鏈(lian)上下游主(zhu)體的(de)(de)共識。

      3

      以滿足小麥產業鏈需求為導向提出的對策措施

      黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)十八大(da)以(yi)來，以(yi)習近平同(tong)志(zhi)為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨中央將糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)納入(ru)國(guo)家安(an)全(quan)(quan)大(da)局，確(que)立(li)了(le)“確(que)保谷物基(ji)(ji)本(ben)自(zi)給(gei)、口(kou)糧(liang)絕對(dui)安(an)全(quan)(quan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)觀(guan)，提(ti)出(chu)了(le)“以(yi)我為主、立(li)足(zu)國(guo)內(nei)、確(que)保產(chan)(chan)(chan)能、適度(du)進(jin)口(kou)、科技支撐(cheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)戰(zhan)略(lve)。隨著(zhu)社會經濟發展，消(xiao)費水(shui)平不斷提(ti)升和(he)消(xiao)費結構優化升級，糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)內(nei)涵不斷拓展延(yan)伸，在保障數量(liang)(liang)供給(gei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，為了(le)滿(man)足(zu)人民群眾吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得好(hao)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得營養(yang)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得健康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)好(hao)生(sheng)活(huo)需要(yao)，糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)從注重(zhong)數量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)為數量(liang)(liang)質量(liang)(liang)并重(zhong)，更加注重(zhong)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)(liang)和(he)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)全(quan)(quan)。2022年中央農村(cun)工(gong)作會議強調(diao)“要(yao)抓住(zhu)(zhu)耕(geng)地和(he)種子(zi)兩個要(yao)害，堅決守住(zhu)(zhu)18億畝耕(geng)地紅線，逐步把永久基(ji)(ji)本(ben)農田全(quan)(quan)部建成(cheng)高標準農田，把種業振(zhen)興行動切實(shi)抓出(chu)成(cheng)效，把當(dang)家品(pin)(pin)種牢(lao)牢(lao)攥在自(zi)己手里”，對(dui)小(xiao)麥品(pin)(pin)種提(ti)出(chu)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，在保證(zheng)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)滿(man)足(zu)人民群眾吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得好(hao)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得營養(yang)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)得健康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)好(hao)生(sheng)活(huo)需要(yao)。結合本(ben)次基(ji)(ji)于產(chan)(chan)(chan)業鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)研結果，未(wei)來小(xiao)麥品(pin)(pin)種應是在具備現有高產(chan)(chan)(chan)、抗逆(ni)、穩產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上，還(huan)要(yao)具有良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)品(pin)(pin)質特性，以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)小(xiao)麥產(chan)(chan)(chan)業持(chi)續發展需求。

      3.1加強種(zhong)質資源搜集、引進和創制，豐富(fu)優異種(zhong)質資源的遺(yi)傳多樣性(xing)

      收(shou)集、評價種(zhong)質資源，重點(dian)評價產量、品(pin)(pin)(pin)質等(deng)經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)抗病、抗蟲(chong)、抗倒(dao)等(deng)生(sheng)物和(he)非生(sheng)物逆(ni)境抗性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。利用國(guo)內種(zhong)質資源的(de)產量、適應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，重點(dian)改良(liang)其(qi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)；利用國(guo)外種(zhong)質資源的(de)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質優(you)良(liang)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，重點(dian)改良(liang)其(qi)產量、熟期、株高等(deng)農藝性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)；創制(zhi)具(ju)備(bei)高產、抗逆(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)和(he)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質優(you)良(liang)的(de)新種(zhong)質資源，豐(feng)富國(guo)內小麥品(pin)(pin)(pin)質性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)遺傳多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

      3.2強(qiang)化(hua)育種技術在品(pin)質(zhi)育種中的應(ying)用

      加強對蛋(dan)白質質量、含量和(he)淀(dian)粉(fen)特性(xing)等小麥(mai)品質性(xing)狀(zhuang)關(guan)鍵影響(xiang)成分(fen)(fen)的遺傳機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)研究(jiu)，解析(xi)影響(xiang)小麥(mai)品質的分(fen)(fen)子機(ji)(ji)理。推動(dong)單倍體(ti)技(ji)術、溫室一(yi)年多(duo)次加代(dai)技(ji)術、異地加代(dai)技(ji)術等一(yi)年多(duo)次加代(dai)繁殖技(ji)術，加快(kuai)育種(zhong)世代(dai)進程，快(kuai)速(su)獲得純合(he)、穩定的優異新(xin)品系(xi)（種(zhong)）。加快(kuai)分(fen)(fen)子標記輔助選(xuan)擇、高通(tong)量分(fen)(fen)子檢測(ce)、全基因(yin)組選(xuan)擇、分(fen)(fen)子設計育種(zhong)、誘變育種(zhong)、基因(yin)編(bian)輯等先(xian)進適用技(ji)術應用，對小麥(mai)加工品質密切相(xiang)關(guan)的谷蛋(dan)白亞(ya)基、籽粒(li)硬度基因(yin)Pinb、直鏈淀(dian)粉(fen)基因(yin)Waxy、面粉(fen)色澤(ze)基因(yin)Psy和(he)面團褐變基因(yin)PPo以及生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)和(he)非生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)逆(ni)境抗性(xing)的抗病(bing)、抗蟲(chong)、抗倒(dao)、營養(yang)高效等基因(yin)進行(xing)輔助選(xuan)擇和(he)聚合(he)。

      3.3增(zeng)加食品(pin)加工(gong)適應(ying)性評價作(zuo)為品(pin)種品(pin)質分(fen)類判定指標

      為推動(dong)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展，發揮(hui)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種審定的(de)指揮(hui)棒(bang)作用，在(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)判定現有(you)指標的(de)基礎上增加(jia)(jia)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)測(ce)評(ping)指標，測(ce)評(ping)饅(man)頭、面條(tiao)、面包和蛋(dan)糕4種典型食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)適應性(xing)。根據(ju)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)所需(xu)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)筋力(li)強(qiang)弱，強(qiang)筋小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種測(ce)評(ping)面包加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)，中強(qiang)筋和中筋小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種測(ce)評(ping)面條(tiao)和饅(man)頭加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)，弱筋小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種測(ce)評(ping)蛋(dan)糕加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)，明確審定品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種的(de)最適食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)特(te)性(xing)，從小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)源頭為下游種業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)/種植主體(ti)、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種選擇提(ti)供全面的(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)信息，滿足產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)各環節(jie)的(de)需(xu)求。同時在(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種審定試驗中增加(jia)(jia)面包、面條(tiao)、饅(man)頭和蛋(dan)糕4類(lei)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優異的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種作為對照品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種。

 ;     3.4推動(dong)單一(yi)用(yong)途(tu)的多品種(zhong)集中種(zhong)植，逐步形成優質專用(yong)小麥原糧品牌

      地方政府、加(jia)工(gong)企業、種(zhong)業企業和(he)(he)適度規模種(zhong)植主體四(si)方聯動，以品(pin)種(zhong)食品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)品(pin)質(zhi)為(wei)基(ji)礎開展小麥(mai)(mai)訂單生產，由單一(yi)品(pin)種(zhong)集中種(zhong)植升級(ji)為(wei)相同加(jia)工(gong)品(pin)質(zhi)的多品(pin)種(zhong)集中連片(pian)種(zhong)植，生產品(pin)質(zhi)均(jun)一(yi)、批(pi)次間穩定的優質(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)小麥(mai)(mai)，引導品(pin)種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)和(he)(he)布局(ju)，降(jiang)低種(zhong)植風險(xian)。通過示范帶動作用(yong)，進一(yi)步打造(zao)以縣(xian)域為(wei)單位或更大(da)面(mian)積的單一(yi)食品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)品(pin)質(zhi)的小麥(mai)(mai)生產基(ji)地，批(pi)量提供品(pin)質(zhi)均(jun)一(yi)、穩定的單一(yi)用(yong)途(tu)優質(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)小麥(mai)(mai)，逐步形成地域優質(zhi)專(zhuan)用(yong)小麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)牌。

      3.5發揮小麥加工(gong)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)帶動作用，引(yin)導育種目標和品(pin)種選擇(ze)滿足(zu)產業需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)

      通(tong)過(guo)學(xue)術(shu)會議、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)論壇、現場觀摩和(he)培訓等形式的交流活動，促進小麥(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上下(xia)游(you)(you)環節的溝(gou)通(tong)和(he)互動，將加工企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)需(xu)求(qiu)小麥(mai)原料品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)同現有(you)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)之(zhi)間的差異、未來品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)需(xu)求(qiu)趨(qu)勢及時傳導給育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單位(wei)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)/種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植主體等上游(you)(you)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，引導種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)/種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植主體的品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選擇行為；帶動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源創制、育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目標設定和(he)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu)選擇的創新發展，育成滿足小麥(mai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展需(xu)求(qiu)的高產(chan)優質(zhi)小麥(mai)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。（參考文獻略）

      ?本(ben)文(wen)來(lai)自《基(ji)于產(chan)業鏈(lian)視角的小麥(mai)品種(zhong)品質需(xu)求(qiu)調研分析》

      ?作者：吳海彬,朱志(zhi)鋒,譚城,王(wang)超,劉江,段曉亮,殷貴鴻,曹(cao)廷杰,洪宇(yu),常柳,周(zhou)桂英,孫輝

      ?單位：國(guo)家糧食(shi)和物(wu)資儲備(bei)局(ju)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究院；中(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)子集團有(you)限公(gong)司(si)；中(zhong)關村國(guo)科(ke)現(xian)代農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)技創新研究院；河(he)北華龍農(nong)莊面粉(fen)有(you)限公(gong)司(si)；河(he)南(nan)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)學(xue)(xue)；河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)院

      ?刊于《中國種業》2024年(nian)第(di)1期(qi)1-8頁 轉(zhuan)載請(qing)注明