農財網種業寶典 2023-11-28 21:47 發表于廣(guang)東
多措并舉培育大而強的(de)種企
全方位多層次(ci)增強品種權意識
; 補齊育種的(de)短板弱(ruo)項，打(da)破國際壟斷
;健全商(shang)業化育種體系……
種業振興(xing)
是推動農業高質量發展的必然要求(qiu)
在建設農業強國背(bei)景下
打通(tong)種業振(zhen)興的“堵點(dian)”“斷點(dian)”
對(dui)保障國家糧食(shi)安全及重要農產(chan)品供給
具有重要(yao)現(xian)實意(yi)義
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今年是加快建設農業強國開局起步的關鍵之年，也是種業振興行動“三年打基礎”的收官之年。2021年通過的《種業振興行動方案》提出，必須把民族種業搞上去，要把種源安全提升到關系國家安全的戰略高度，集中力量破難題、補短板、強優勢、控風險，實現種業科技自(zi)立(li)自(zi)強、種源(yuan)自(zi)主可控。2023年中(zhong)央一號文件進一步提出“深入實施種業振(zhen)興行動”。黨的十八大以來，我國(guo)種業發展(zhan)保(bao)持了(le)較快(kuai)發展(zhan)態勢，在促進糧食增(zeng)產、農(nong)業增(zeng)效和農(nong)民增(zeng)收方面發揮了(le)重要作用，為(wei)推進鄉村(cun)振(zhen)興、建設農(nong)業強國(guo)提供了(le)種業支撐。
種(zhong)業安全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)糧食安全(quan)的核心，種(zhong)業振(zhen)興是(shi)農產品有效(xiao)供給的前提。自2021年(nian)國(guo)家(jia)提出全(quan)面推(tui)進種(zhong)業振(zhen)興行動(dong)以來(lai)，全(quan)國(guo)各地區各涉(she)農部(bu)門形(xing)成了合(he)力(li)支(zhi)持種(zhong)業發展的新局面。
科(ke)學謀(mou)劃為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)振興(xing)提(ti)供基礎(chu)支撐(cheng)。為推(tui)動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展、提(ti)升農業(ye)綜合生(sheng)產能(neng)力，全國各(ge)地區(qu)各(ge)涉農部門先后編(bian)制了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)科(ke)技創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展規(gui)(gui)劃、現(xian)代(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展規(gui)(gui)劃等(deng)，為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展做(zuo)好了(le)規(gui)(gui)劃布(bu)局。各(ge)地區(qu)各(ge)部門圍繞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資源(yuan)鑒定與(yu)創新(xin)利用、高(gao)(gao)(gao)效精準生(sheng)物(wu)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術和新(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（系）培育(yu)，積極構(gou)建(jian)以企(qi)業(ye)為主體，高(gao)(gao)(gao)校院(yuan)所、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)等(deng)優(you)勢創新(xin)資源(yuan)共同參與(yu)的產學研協同創新(xin)現(xian)代(dai)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體系。
科技攻關為提升農業綜合生產能力提供動力支撐。《種業振興行動方案》發布以來，國家統籌開展種業前端核心技術攻關、中端技術模式集成、末端適用技術推廣。全國各地區各涉農部門聚焦大豆、玉米等農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)，通過(guo)實施農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)單產(chan)行(xing)動等，制訂了良田、良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、良法(fa)、良機、良制等集成組裝的(de)綜合(he)技術解決(jue)方案(an)，在全國(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內(nei)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)科(ke)技攻關(guan)由(you)點到(dao)線至(zhi)面逐(zhu)步(bu)推廣，提升了農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)生產(chan)能力；開展(zhan)重點農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)基礎(chu)研(yan)究，錨定(ding)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)“卡(ka)脖子”重點難點問題，開展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)關(guan)鍵核心技術的(de)聯合(he)攻關(guan)，為持(chi)續(xu)開展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)基礎(chu)性、前沿性研(yan)究創造了條件。截至(zhi)2023年(nian)，全國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)庫和(he)海洋漁業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源(yuan)庫陸續(xu)建(jian)成運行(xing)，全國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)普查新收集資(zi)源(yuan)52萬份；我(wo)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)主培育了3個白羽肉(rou)雞(ji)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市場(chang)占(zhan)有率(lv)超過(guo)了15%，打(da)破了國(guo)(guo)外白羽肉(rou)雞(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源(yuan)的(de)壟斷(duan)；兩把基因編(bian)輯“剪刀”也逐(zhu)漸應(ying)用到(dao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)研(yan)發過(guo)程(cheng)中。
種業企業高質量發展為種業振興打下良好基礎。種業振興和農業綜合生產能力的提升都離不開種業企業的助力，種業企業通過匯聚、合作和發展等方式，構建和完善了現代種業生產體系。全國各地區支持種業企業建立完善育種研發體系、種子生(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)體系和質(zhi)量檢測(ce)體系等(deng)，通(tong)(tong)過農業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合開發、種(zhong)子(zi)工(gong)程(cheng)和高(gao)標(biao)準農田建(jian)(jian)設等(deng)項目對種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)投資，改(gai)善種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)條件；支持種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)龍頭(tou)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)通(tong)(tong)過兼并重組、整(zheng)合資源等(deng)方式(shi)，高(gao)標(biao)準建(jian)(jian)設種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。近年來(lai)，我國(guo)從(cong)3萬余家(jia)(jia)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中遴選出近300家(jia)(jia)優(you)勢種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，逐漸形成(cheng)(cheng)了國(guo)家(jia)(jia)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振興的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)第一梯隊方陣，種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新要素逐漸向企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)集聚。由(you)216個農作物(wu)基(ji)地、262個畜(chu)禽核心育(yu)種(zhong)場、91家(jia)(jia)水產(chan)原良種(zhong)場組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)地“國(guo)家(jia)(jia)隊”，種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)供種(zhong)保障(zhang)率由(you)70%提高(gao)到75%。
種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振(zhen)興是推動(dong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高質量發(fa)展(zhan)，提高農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)附加值、創造農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)新價(jia)值和增強農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)活力的必然要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，在建設農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)強國背景下(xia)，打通種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振(zhen)興的“堵(du)點”“斷點”，對保障國家糧食安(an)全及重要(yao)(yao)農(nong)產品供給具(ju)有重要(yao)(yao)的現(xian)實(shi)意義。
多措并(bing)舉培育(yu)大而強(qiang)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業。堅持以特色種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業為(wei)(wei)(wei)突(tu)破口，以產學研合作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)契機，建立以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體、科研院所為(wei)(wei)(wei)支撐的(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體系，打(da)造一批在全國(guo)叫得(de)響(xiang)(xiang)、用(yong)得(de)好、有(you)影響(xiang)(xiang)力的(de)優(you)質新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，從(cong)而培育(yu)具有(you)國(guo)際競爭(zheng)力育(yu)繁(fan)推(tui)一體化(hua)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業。瞄準世界一流，做大做強(qiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業，支持有(you)實力的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業通(tong)過對外擴張或兼并(bing)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，優(you)化(hua)企業資源配置方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，在新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面對標國(guo)際先(xian)進種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業水平，全面提升(sheng)農業的(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水平。加強(qiang)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)，充(chong)分(fen)利用(yong)財政(zheng)支持，重點扶持種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業龍頭企業，完(wan)善(shan)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研發條件、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子質量檢測設(she)施(shi)等(deng)，全方(fang)(fang)位(wei)提升(sheng)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企業的(de)基礎設(she)施(shi)，降低育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企業研發投入成本。
全方位(wei)多(duo)層次增強品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意識(shi)(shi)。《種(zhong)業振(zhen)興(xing)行(xing)動(dong)方案(an)(an)(an)》的頒布為種(zhong)業振(zhen)興(xing)提供了(le)行(xing)動(dong)方案(an)(an)(an)，種(zhong)業振(zhen)興(xing)還需要提高種(zhong)業企業和農民(min)(min)的品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意識(shi)(shi)，維護(hu)農作(zuo)物(wu)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選育者的合法權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)益。加大(da)種(zhong)業行(xing)動(dong)方案(an)(an)(an)的宣傳(chuan)力度，讓(rang)廣大(da)種(zhong)業企業和農民(min)(min)意識(shi)(shi)到品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)也是財產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利。當前，基(ji)層政府對品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)件采取(qu)書面(mian)審(shen)理為主，這(zhe)要求品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)持(chi)(chi)有人(ren)舉(ju)證(zheng)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)的事實以及(ji)產生的經濟損(sun)失，對品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)持(chi)(chi)有人(ren)而(er)言過于復雜(za)，提高了(le)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)持(chi)(chi)有人(ren)的維權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)成(cheng)本。要加大(da)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)執(zhi)法力度，參照農業行(xing)政執(zhi)法案(an)(an)(an)件的處(chu)理方式審(shen)理品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)(an)。
補齊育種的短板弱項，打破國際壟斷。我國種業發展與國外的差距主要在種業自主創新水平不夠，這成為制約我國種業跨越式發展的瓶頸。要想在較短時間內實現突破，需要建立良種聯合攻關機制，立足現有的研發體系，盡可能整合現有的研發力量，集中攻關培育具有自主知識產權的核心種源。利用創新激勵機制對于突破性成果進行獎補，并加大試驗推廣力度。在保持小麥和玉(yu)米等(deng)優勢(shi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)競爭力的同(tong)時，向(xiang)蔬菜(cai)、瓜果(guo)等(deng)弱(ruo)勢(shi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)展開布局。壽光是(shi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)蔬菜(cai)市(shi)場的交(jiao)易(yi)中心(xin)，莘(xin)縣(xian)是(shi)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)蔬菜(cai)產量最大(da)的縣(xian)，蔬菜(cai)已(yi)經是(shi)山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)的農業圖騰(teng)，山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)要充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)蔬菜(cai)在全(quan)(quan)國(guo)市(shi)場的影(ying)響力，大(da)力選育、推(tui)廣本土良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)現(xian)有(you)的國(guo)際(ji)合作關系(xi)，緊跟國(guo)際(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業發展步伐，對于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業創(chuang)(chuang)新可以進行(xing)聯合攻關，共享創(chuang)(chuang)新成果(guo)，同(tong)時要在與國(guo)際(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業企業合作中注(zhu)重知識產權的保護。
健全(quan)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種體(ti)系。種業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)強，種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)必須要(yao)(yao)強，培育(yu)(yu)大而強、專而精的(de)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)離不開健全(quan)的(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種體(ti)系。要(yao)(yao)健全(quan)科(ke)研院所和種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)合(he)作機(ji)制，根據工(gong)廠化(hua)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求在資(zi)金、人(ren)力和成(cheng)果轉化(hua)等多個(ge)流程(cheng)中進行(xing)(xing)市(shi)場化(hua)運行(xing)(xing)。種業(ye)(ye)(ye)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種體(ti)系有利于推動(dong)科(ke)研院所的(de)科(ke)研成(cheng)果轉化(hua)，同時也(ye)能避免種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在研發上的(de)重復投入與資(zi)源浪(lang)費(fei)。要(yao)(yao)打(da)造一批(pi)具有獨特競(jing)爭優勢的(de)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，鼓勵種業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)深入細(xi)分市(shi)場，拆(chai)分產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)，進行(xing)(xing)精細(xi)化(hua)耕作，形成(cheng)一批(pi)具有特殊資(zi)源、特色品種的(de)優勢企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。
來源丨大眾日報(bao)
作者丨(shu)山東(dong)社會(hui)科學院(yuan) 王興國 孫學濤
編(bian)輯丨農財(cai)君
聯系農財君丨18565265490
新(xin)時代(dai) 新(xin)種業
南方(fang)農(nong)村報丨農(nong)財寶典
