《 農民日(ri)報(bao) 》（ 2014年03月31日(ri)   05 版(ban)）

    盡管近幾年植棉效益有所下降，棉田面積逐年減少，但雜交棉花的生產與種植，在一些集中產棉區仍然深受廣大棉農的喜愛，他們非雜交棉種不購，非雜交棉花不種，有的農資經銷商也是非雜交棉不賣。這是因為，在同等生態條件下，雜交棉花比常規棉花畝產籽棉要多25~50公斤，增產15%左右，效益也同步增長。雜交棉花的雜種優勢強，科技含量高(gao)，用(yong)種(zhong)少，密度較稀(xi)，種(zhong)植(zhi)用(yong)工(gong)量相對較少，雖然(ran)棉種(zhong)價格偏高(gao)，可不少農民更希(xi)望用(yong)高(gao)投入(ru)獲得高(gao)產(chan)出(chu)。特(te)別是(shi)有經濟頭(tou)腦(nao)的農民，他們(men)通過算(suan)賬比較，認為雜交(jiao)棉相對于常規棉，增產(chan)增收的效益(yi)更高(gao)。

    但在棉種市場生產與經營(ying)過程(cheng)中，仍然(ran)有些實際問題困擾著制種企業和廣(guang)大植棉農民。

    制種成本不斷攀升制種企業利潤縮水

    雜(za)交制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是靠(kao)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)周期較長，雜(za)交授(shou)粉用工(gong)(gong)(gong)較多，工(gong)(gong)(gong)價有增(zeng)無(wu)減。同時，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)租地費用逐年增(zeng)加，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)農資投入和管理費用節節高(gao)升，因此雜(za)交棉種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本也(ye)“水漲船高(gao)”，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企(qi)業只得(de)靠(kao)提高(gao)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，調(diao)減每畝用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量來維系微薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)利潤，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)甚至(zhi)感嘆，如果把握(wo)不(bu)好可能(neng)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)越多虧(kui)損越大(da)。若是不(bu)斷提高(gao)雜(za)交棉種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價格，又必然(ran)要(yao)增(zeng)加廣大(da)植棉農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔，加劇(ju)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企(qi)業與植棉農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾。

    違規棉種增多市場秩序混亂

    由于雜交棉種價格相對要高，有的一些小型種業套用名牌品種，裝入假貨賺取非法利潤，坑害農民；有的用雜交一代與二代混裝，冒充一代棉種忽悠農民，有的甚至用二代充當一代，謀取高額利潤；有的種子經銷商出(chu)于對某些(xie)名(ming)牌品種(zhong)的(de)嫉(ji)妒心(xin)理(li)，從甲(jia)地套購棉種(zhong)到乙地惡意殺價，造成市場混亂，使名(ming)牌棉種(zhong)遭致貶值。

    種植導向不一農民把握不定

    由于植棉(mian)(mian)(mian)比(bi)較效(xiao)益(yi)下(xia)降，雜(za)交棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價格較高，制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用工又比(bi)其它作物制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要多，有的(de)(de)(de)專家提出(chu)今后調減(jian)雜(za)交棉(mian)(mian)(mian)，多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常規(gui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)，這是一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)無奈的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇與導向。據(ju)市場反映，很多從雜(za)交棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中嘗到甜頭的(de)(de)(de)植棉(mian)(mian)(mian)農(nong)戶，寧可選(xuan)(xuan)用高價的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)交種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，也不(bu)(bu)愿購價格較低的(de)(de)(de)常規(gui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。對植棉(mian)(mian)(mian)意向不(bu)(bu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)戶，他們對棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)購買(mai)更不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)如何是好？此外，常規(gui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖有品質退化的(de)(de)(de)現象，但繼續沿用2~3年是不(bu)(bu)成問題的(de)(de)(de)，購種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量減(jian)少之(zhi)后，棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企業就會出(chu)現萎(wei)縮、尷尬的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。

    綜合各地農民(min)和農資經銷商對(dui)(dui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選購的(de)意向(xiang)(xiang)，對(dui)(dui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市(shi)場的(de)走向(xiang)(xiang)與定(ding)位，提出以(yi)下的(de)建議：首先，要尊重各地農民(min)對(dui)(dui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)選擇，對(dui)(dui)習慣用雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地區的(de)廣大(da)農民(min)應(ying)給(gei)予(yu)大(da)力支(zhi)持。當然，亦(yi)可配置一定(ding)數量的(de)優(you)良(liang)常規(gui)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。同(tong)時，國家要制定(ding)政策(ce)，對(dui)(dui)大(da)型(xing)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)骨干企(qi)業(ye)(ye)要給(gei)予(yu)定(ding)向(xiang)(xiang)補(bu)貼，保持企(qi)業(ye)(ye)與農民(min)選用雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)積極性(xing)。此外，嚴格審定(ding)雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)花品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，確保用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)周(zhou)期。嚴格種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子市(shi)場管理秩(zhi)序也是重中之(zhi)重，對(dui)(dui)于違規(gui)違法(fa)行(xing)為，要堅決打擊。湖北省(sheng)孝感市(shi)農業(ye)(ye)局余(yu)宏(hong)章