花(hua)菜(cai)(cai)屬半耐(nai)寒性作物，忌炎熱。是(shi)(shi)南方(fang)蔬菜(cai)(cai)秋(qiu)冬主栽(zai)(zai)品種之一。但秋(qiu)花(hua)菜(cai)(cai)在6～8月(yue)高溫(wen)季節育苗(miao)難度大，影響了其大面積栽(zai)(zai)培生產，現將早秋(qiu)花(hua)菜(cai)(cai)、秋(qiu)花(hua)菜(cai)(cai)栽(zai)(zai)培技術，重點是(shi)(shi)其育苗(miao)技術簡要介紹(shao)如下：　　

    一、選用優(you)質(zhi)、豐產(chan)良種，適時播(bo)種　　

    1、早秋花菜一般選用日本素心、龍(long)峰特大(da)50天(tian)、60天(tian)、70天(tian)等中、早熟品種，在6月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬和7月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬播(bo)種育苗(miao)。在9月(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬至10月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬即可采收。 　　

    2、秋(qiu)花菜(cai)主栽(zai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有日本抱(bao)月(yue)、龍峰(feng)特大80天(tian)、90天(tian)、100天(tian)等中(zhong)、晚熟品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在11月(yue)中(zhong)旬至(zhi)12中(zhong)旬即(ji)可采收(shou)。這些(xie)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當地(di)已有成功栽(zai)培，其耐熱性、豐產(chan)性突出，花球緊實、柔嫩(nen)、潔(jie)白，收(shou)獲時恰在秋(qiu)淡季節。效益較為可觀。　　

    二、精心(xin)管理、培育壯苗　　

    育苗地應選地勢高燥、通風涼爽、土層疏松、肥沃的沙壤土為宜。前作未種過甘藍類蔬菜，新墾地更佳。土地深翻后曝曬，苗床應南北走向。每平方米施腐熟有機肥2.5公斤或人畜糞尿1公斤左右為基肥。花菜種子小，故(gu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)應(ying)力(li)求平整。每畝地需苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)2.5～3平 方(fang)米(mi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)15～20克(ke)。播(bo)前種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)先溫(wen)湯(tang)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)15分鐘后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，用水(shui)冷卻后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)浸(jin)半小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)撈出(chu)(chu)稍(shao)晾，在(zai)蔭(yin)(yin)(yin)涼處(chu)催芽24～48小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)露白，即可播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)前苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)澆足底水(shui)，待下滲后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，撒層細(xi)土，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)條播(bo)或撒播(bo)，播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)均勻蓋細(xi)土，以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)為宜。再覆蓋遮陽網或竹簾，以(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)暴(bao)雨和日曬。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)2～3天(tian)(tian)(tian)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)出(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang)，傍晚揭(jie)覆蓋物，次(ci)日清晨噴水(shui)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)持(chi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)濕潤為度。晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)遮蔭(yin)(yin)(yin)自上(shang)(shang)午(wu)9時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)下午(wu)4時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，遮5～6天(tian)(tian)(tian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)適(shi)當(dang)縮短遮蔭(yin)(yin)(yin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間，直到出(chu)(chu)現第(di)1片(pian)真葉(xie)為止。出(chu)(chu)現真葉(xie)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，注意除(chu)草和及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)防(fang)治病蟲。2～3片(pian)真葉(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除(chu)草和間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)1次(ci)，每平方(fang)米(mi)保(bao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)800～1000株。間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)20％濃度的腐熟(shu)水(shui)糞(fen)(fen)。第(di)2次(ci)同等濃度水(shui)糞(fen)(fen)追(zhui)肥在(zai)假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)移(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)前3～4天(tian)(tian)(tian)進行(xing)。一般于(yu)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)20～25天(tian)(tian)(tian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，3～4片(pian)真葉(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開始假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)，假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)準備同育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床(chuang)(chuang)。當(dang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)午(wu)開假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)溝澆透水(shui)，傍晚假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)。假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)株距10厘(li)米(mi)×10厘(li)米(mi)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)大小分級，行(xing)株對齊，以(yi)(yi)(yi)利于(yu)定植(zhi)(zhi)前劃(hua)土塊取苗(miao)(miao)(miao)帶土移(yi)栽(zai)。假(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)可馬上(shang)(shang)噴施(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)變色清水(shui)糞(fen)(fen)。晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)遮蔭(yin)(yin)(yin)3～5天(tian)(tian)(tian)。早、晚適(shi)量澆水(shui)。栽(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)7～10天(tian)(tian)(tian)逐漸減少遮蔭(yin)(yin)(yin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間煉苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。經10～20天(tian)(tian)(tian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)5～6片(pian)真葉(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可帶土栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)。移(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)前1天(tian)(tian)(tian)晚上(shang)(shang)和當(dang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)午(wu)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)要(yao)澆水(shui)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)便起苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)邊(bian)(bian)移(yi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)邊(bian)(bian)澆水(shui)，并在(zai)晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)下午(wu)或陰(yin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)進行(xing)，亦可移(yi)栽(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)遮陰(yin)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)利于(yu)成活。 　　

    三(san)、大田栽培及管理　　

    花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)喜濕潤，但耐澇力差，應(ying)(ying)采取深溝(gou)高畦栽(zai)培(pei)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，每畝(1畝：1/15公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，下同)用(yong)腐熟(shu)廄肥(fei)2500～5000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)或(huo)糞肥(fei)1500～2000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)，磷肥(fei)20～25公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。早秋(qiu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)在1.32米寬(連溝(gou))的(de)畦上(shang)種2行，株距33厘米。每畝保(bao)苗2000～2300株。 花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)因品種和栽(zai)培(pei)期不(bu)同，水(shui)肥(fei)管理上(shang)應(ying)(ying)有所差異。早秋(qiu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)速(su)效(xiao)肥(fei)料(liao)分(fen)期勤施(shi)(shi)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)形(xing)成時(shi)(shi)期，應(ying)(ying)加重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)以(yi)促進(jin)葉和花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)生長，爭(zheng)取早熟(shu)、高產。秋(qiu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)同樣應(ying)(ying)用(yong)速(su)效(xiao)肥(fei)料(liao)分(fen)期勤追，但同時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)配以(yi)磷鉀肥(fei)料(liao)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)，如(ru)發現(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)軸(zhou)中(zhong)心內部空(kong)洞，至花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)變銹褐(he)色，味(wei)苦(ku)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)適當補施(shi)(shi)硼、鉬為主的(de)微肥(fei)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)在整(zheng)個(ge)生長過程中(zhong)需水(shui)較多，在葉簇旺盛和花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)生長形(xing)成時(shi)(shi)期，切忌(ji)缺水(shui)，但灌(guan)水(shui)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)宜漫灌(guan)，應(ying)(ying)溝(gou)內灌(guan)水(shui)，畦溝(gou)滲透(tou)后，及時(shi)(shi)將余水(shui)排除。雨多時(shi)(shi)溝(gou)內應(ying)(ying)能及時(shi)(shi)排水(shui)，以(yi)免(mian)引起漚(ou)根現(xian)象。晚秋(qiu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)菜(cai)一般在花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)露出后，應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)用(yong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)外面的(de)大(da)葉將花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)包裹，再用(yong)稻(dao)草等物(wu)輕輕捆扎，捆扎時(shi)(shi)不(bu)要(yao)損傷葉片，可(ke)把接近花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)的(de)大(da)葉折斷(duan)覆蓋花(hua)(hua)(hua)球(qiu)，以(yi)防霜凍，保(bao)證質量。 　　

    四、病蟲害防治　　

    花菜(cai)在(zai)苗期和大田高溫、高濕條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)易發生霜霉病，可(ke)澆(jiao)施75％百菌清600倍液(ye)(ye)或65％代(dai)森(sen)鋅400～600倍液(ye)(ye)或25％瑞(rui)毒霉800～1000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治。防(fang)治黃條(tiao)跳甲、菜(cai)青蟲、小菜(cai)蛾、菜(cai)螟，可(ke)用20％殺滅菊(ju)脂(zhi)或2．5％溴氰(qing)菊(ju)脂(zhi)3000倍液(ye)(ye)，亦可(ke)選(xuan)用其(qi)他(ta)廣(guang)譜哇殺蟲劑。