作者：葉文武1，劉萬才2，王源超1*（1.南京農業大學植物保護學院，農業農村部大豆病蟲害(hai)防(fang)控重點實驗室；2.全國農(nong)業(ye)技術推(tui)廣服務(wu)中心）
大豆是重要的糧油作物，既是飼用和食用蛋白的重要來源，也是植物油脂的重要原料。中國大豆的年需求量超過1.1億t，位居全球第一，然而國內每年的總產量不足2,000萬t，總需求的85%依賴于進口；受國際政治經濟形勢變化和新冠疫情等因素影響，國內所需大豆的穩定供應面臨著嚴峻挑(tiao)戰。2019年以來，“中央一號文(wen)件”多次(ci)強調(diao)要(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)大(da)豆(dou)(dou)生產(chan)，提高大(da)豆(dou)(dou)自給率(lv)。
中(zhong)國大(da)豆(dou)產(chan)能不足，既有人多地少(shao)、種(zhong)(zhong)植規模有限的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因，也有單(dan)產(chan)水平偏低的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。2020年，中(zhong)國大(da)豆(dou)播種(zhong)(zhong)面積為988.2萬hm2，平均每(mei)公頃產(chan)量(liang)約為1,950 kg，僅為美國和(he)巴西等(deng)國家大(da)豆(dou)單(dan)產(chan)水平的(de)(de)(de)60%左右。其中(zhong)，復種(zhong)(zhong)指數高(gao)、重(zhong)茬連作普遍，導致大(da)豆(dou)生產(chan)中(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)頻(pin)(pin)發，這(zhe)是(shi)限制(zhi)大(da)豆(dou)產(chan)量(liang)和(he)品質提升的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個關鍵因素。病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)所造成的(de)(de)(de)大(da)豆(dou)產(chan)量(liang)損(sun)失一(yi)般為15%～30%，嚴重(zhong)時甚(shen)至會(hui)絕收(shou)。中(zhong)國大(da)豆(dou)生產(chan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)已知病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)有近500種(zhong)(zhong)，造成大(da)豆(dou)產(chan)量(liang)損(sun)失較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)有50余種(zhong)(zhong)，既有多年來(lai)普遍發生的(de)(de)(de)根腐病(bing)(bing)(bing)、胞(bao)囊線蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、灰斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、蠐螬、大(da)豆(dou)食(shi)心蟲(chong)(chong)Leguminivora glycinivorella、豆(dou)莢螟Etiella zinckenella、大(da)豆(dou)高(gao)隆象甲Erganiadoriae yunnanus、大(da)豆(dou)蚜Aphis glycines、煙粉虱Bemisia tabaci、點蜂緣(yuan)蝽(chun)Riptortus pedestris和(he)斜紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾Spodoptera litura等(deng)，也有近年來(lai)頻(pin)(pin)繁暴發或日趨嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“癥青”、銹(xiu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、擬莖點種(zhong)(zhong)腐（莖莢枯）病(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)甜(tian)菜(cai)夜(ye)蛾Spodoptera exigua等(deng)。
本文(wen)將從中國大(da)豆生(sheng)產(chan)中主要(yao)病蟲害(hai)的(de)種(zhong)類、大(da)豆主要(yao)產(chan)區(qu)病蟲害(hai)的(de)發生(sheng)現(xian)狀、全程綠色防(fang)控技術以及病蟲害(hai)防(fang)控中存在的(de)問題與未來展望4個(ge)方面進行闡述。
1
中國大豆生產中主要病蟲害的種類
1.1 主(zhu)要病害
中國大豆上(shang)(shang)記載的病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原生物(wu)有200多種(zhong)，引起的病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)超過50種(zhong)，本文(wen)整理總結(jie)了國內各大豆產區常發的24種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（表1）。根據病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原生物(wu)的種(zhong)類可分(fen)為卵(luan)菌病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（疫(yi)霉(mei)根腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、猝倒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)霜霉(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)）、真(zhen)菌病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（鐮孢根腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、擬莖(jing)(jing)點種(zhong)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)）、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（花葉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)）、線(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)胞囊(nang)線(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)）和(he)(he)(he)細菌病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)細菌性斑(ban)(ban)點病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)斑(ban)(ban)疹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)）等(deng)；而根據主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的危害(hai)(hai)部(bu)位(wei)可分(fen)為根部(bu)與莖(jing)(jing)基部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)或地下部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（疫(yi)霉(mei)根腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐮孢根腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、立枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、猝倒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白(bai)絹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、擬莖(jing)(jing)點種(zhong)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、胞囊(nang)線(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)紅冠(guan)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)）以及莖(jing)(jing)、葉和(he)(he)(he)莢部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)或地上(shang)(shang)部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)（炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、菌核病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、灰斑(ban)(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、霜霉(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、擬莖(jing)(jing)點莖(jing)(jing)莢枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、細菌性斑(ban)(ban)點病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、褐斑(ban)(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白(bai)粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)(he)葉枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)）。
根(gen)據病(bing)害(hai)(hai)發生特點(dian)，疫(yi)霉根(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)、鐮孢根(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)、猝倒病(bing)和立枯病(bing)等導致(zhi)大豆(dou)(dou)根(gen)部和莖基部腐(fu)(fu)爛的(de)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)一般統(tong)稱(cheng)大豆(dou)(dou)根(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)；由于(yu)目前中(zhong)國大豆(dou)(dou)生產中(zhong)引起擬莖點(dian)種腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)和擬莖點(dian)莖莢枯病(bing)的(de)主要致(zhi)病(bing)菌均為大豆(dou)(dou)擬莖點(dian)種腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)菌Phomopsis longicolla，這2類病(bing)害(hai)(hai)一般統(tong)稱(cheng)為大豆(dou)(dou)擬莖點(dian)種腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)；與美洲大豆(dou)(dou)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)病(bing)相比，由豆(dou)(dou)薯層銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)菌Phakopsora pachyrhizi引起的(de)亞(ya)洲大豆(dou)(dou)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)病(bing)在全世界范圍內發生更廣、危害(hai)(hai)更嚴(yan)重，一般簡稱(cheng)為大豆(dou)(dou)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)病(bing)。
表1 中國大豆生產中的主要病害(hai)
; 1.2 主要(yao)蟲害
中國(guo)大(da)豆(dou)上記載的害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)種類(lei)已逾400種，96%以(yi)上屬(shu)于昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱，包括鱗(lin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、鞘(qiao)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、半(ban)(ban)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、直(zhi)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、雙(shuang)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)纓翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)余為(wei)彈尾(wei)綱、蛛形綱和(he)軟體動物。國(guo)內各大(da)豆(dou)產區常發的35種害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)如表2所示。根(gen)據為(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)方式(shi)主要分為(wei)地下害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)（蠐螬(cao)、地老虎(hu)、螻蛄和(he)金針蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)）、食葉(xie)類(lei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)（斜紋(wen)夜蛾等(deng)蝶蛾類(lei)的幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，以(yi)及葉(xie)甲、蝗蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)蝸牛等(deng)，多為(wei)鱗(lin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、鞘(qiao)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)直(zhi)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)）、刺吸類(lei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)（蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、粉虱、薊馬、葉(xie)蟬、蝽和(he)紅蜘蛛等(deng)，多為(wei)半(ban)(ban)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)）和(he)鉆蛀(zhu)類(lei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)（包括蛀(zhu)根(gen)的豆(dou)根(gen)蛇潛(qian)(qian)蠅Ophiomyia shibatsuji、蛀(zhu)葉(xie)的豆(dou)葉(xie)東潛(qian)(qian)蠅Japanagromyza tristella、蛀(zhu)莖(jing)的豆(dou)稈(gan)黑潛(qian)(qian)蠅Melanagromyza sojae，以(yi)及蛀(zhu)莢(jia)的大(da)豆(dou)食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、豆(dou)莢(jia)螟(ming)和(he)大(da)豆(dou)高隆象甲等(deng)）。
表2 中國大豆(dou)生產(chan)中的主要蟲害
2
中國大豆主要產區病蟲害發生現狀
2.1 北方春大豆(dou)產區
根腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)和胞囊(nang)線(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)是(shi)北(bei)方尤(you)(you)其是(shi)東北(bei)春大(da)(da)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)最(zui)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)2種病(bing)(bing)害。大(da)(da)豆(dou)疫霉根腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)也稱為大(da)(da)豆(dou)疫病(bing)(bing)，是(shi)由(you)大(da)(da)豆(dou)疫霉Phytophthora sojae侵染引起的(de)(de)一種根腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)，于(yu)1989年首次在(zai)中國(guo)東北(bei)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)被發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)，此后不斷蔓延，1998年該病(bing)(bing)害在(zai)黑龍江省34個縣、5個農場分局(ju)約30萬hm2大(da)(da)豆(dou)田(tian)(tian)(tian)均有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生，隨后10余年零星發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生，但2020年以(yi)來(lai)再次暴發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并呈(cheng)現(xian)逐年上升趨勢(shi)；該病(bing)(bing)害除了導致大(da)(da)豆(dou)田(tian)(tian)(tian)大(da)(da)范(fan)圍死(si)苗外，局(ju)部發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生時(shi)導致的(de)(de)缺(que)苗斷壟對大(da)(da)豆(dou)有(you)效株(zhu)數及(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)也有(you)很大(da)(da)影響(xiang)，染病(bing)(bing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)塊大(da)(da)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)損(sun)失一般(ban)(ban)為15%～30%，重(zhong)病(bing)(bing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)塊發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)率超過70%，產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)損(sun)失超過60%甚至(zhi)絕收。大(da)(da)豆(dou)胞囊(nang)線(xian)蟲病(bing)(bing)于(yu)1899年在(zai)東北(bei)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)被發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)，目前仍在(zai)北(bei)方春大(da)(da)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)頻繁發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生，尤(you)(you)其是(shi)在(zai)重(zhong)迎茬田(tian)(tian)(tian)塊，以(yi)及(ji)干(gan)旱、風沙(sha)和鹽堿地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)危害更(geng)嚴重(zhong)；染病(bing)(bing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)塊常見成(cheng)片大(da)(da)豆(dou)植株(zhu)變(bian)黃萎縮(suo)，病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)根系(xi)不發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)達，細根增多，一般(ban)(ban)減(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)10%～30%，嚴重(zhong)地(di)塊減(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)可達70%～90%，甚至(zhi)絕產(chan)(chan)(chan)。此外，灰(hui)斑病(bing)(bing)、菌核病(bing)(bing)和霜霉病(bing)(bing)等也是(shi)該大(da)(da)豆(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要病(bing)(bing)害。
由于環境溫度偏低，大面積連片種植，栽培模式和農田生態比較簡單，北方春大豆產區的常發性害蟲種類相對較少。地下害蟲以蠐螬、金針蟲和地老虎為主，可引起缺苗斷壟，但總體發生較輕；食葉類害蟲主要有苜蓿夜蛾Heliothis viriplaca、黑條麥螢葉甲（也稱二條葉甲）Medythia nigrobilineata、雙斑長跗螢葉甲Monolepta hieroglyphica和蒙古灰(hui)象(xiang)甲(jia)Xylinophorus mongolicus等(deng)，造(zao)成葉(xie)片(pian)受損(sun)，分布范圍相對較廣；刺吸(xi)類(lei)害(hai)(hai)蟲主要是蚜(ya)蟲、薊馬、紅蜘蛛和蝽等(deng)，主要為(wei)害(hai)(hai)癥狀為(wei)卷葉(xie)、植株矮小、秕粒以(yi)及落莢等(deng)，尤其(qi)是在高溫、干旱條件下(xia)為(wei)害(hai)(hai)加重；蛀莢類(lei)害(hai)(hai)蟲以(yi)大豆(dou)食心蟲為(wei)主，蛀根類(lei)害(hai)(hai)蟲主要是豆(dou)根蛇潛蠅(ying)。
2.2 黃淮(huai)海夏大豆產區
根腐病、擬莖點種腐病和“癥青”是黃淮海大豆產區的三大主要病害。該產區大豆根腐病的特點是病原種類復雜，已知有超過50種，多種病原卵菌（疫霉及腐霉等）和真菌（鐮孢菌及絲核菌等）的高度復合侵染給抗病品種和防控藥劑的篩選和利用增加了難度。擬莖點種腐病的突出問題是中后期造成的莖枯和莢枯，這種癥狀也俗稱為“黑稈”，一般造成10%～30%的產量損失，嚴重田塊病株率高達90%，甚至絕收；造成該病害發生日趨嚴重的主要原因是大豆種子帶菌率高，且(qie)部分品(pin)種(zhong)（系）具有(you)較(jiao)強的感病(bing)(bing)性。“癥(zheng)青（stay-green）”俗稱“貪青”或(huo)“倒青”，是指(zhi)大豆(dou)理(li)應正(zheng)常成(cheng)熟時，植株(zhu)或(huo)部分分枝仍然持綠，有(you)莢但無(wu)籽或(huo)籽粒癟爛(lan)的現象(xiang)；這種(zhong)現象(xiang)最早可(ke)追溯(su)到20世紀80年代，主要在黃(huang)淮海地區(qu)零星分布(bu)，然而(er)近年來該(gai)病(bing)(bing)癥(zheng)在黃(huang)淮海夏大豆(dou)產區(qu)頻繁、嚴重(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)，造(zao)成(cheng)大豆(dou)大幅度減產，重(zhong)發(fa)時較(jiao)多(duo)地塊甚至顆(ke)粒無(wu)收，嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)農(nong)民(min)種(zhong)植大豆(dou)的積極(ji)性。此外，該(gai)產區(qu)常發(fa)的病(bing)(bing)害還(huan)有(you)炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)、病(bing)(bing)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)、霜霉病(bing)(bing)和細菌性葉斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)等。
由于環(huan)境(jing)溫度(du)較高，農田環(huan)境(jing)較為(wei)復(fu)雜，黃淮(huai)海夏大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)產區的(de)(de)(de)(de)常發(fa)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)種類(lei)較多，發(fa)生情(qing)況(kuang)多變。蠐螬(cao)、地老虎和螻蛄等地下害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)發(fa)生普遍(bian)，與北方(fang)春大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)產區不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，蠐螬(cao)在黃淮(huai)海產區的(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)害(hai)高峰出(chu)現在夏大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓粒期，其(qi)啃(ken)食須根(gen)甚(shen)至主根(gen)表皮層；斜紋夜(ye)蛾(e)(e)、甜菜夜(ye)蛾(e)(e)、大(da)造橋蟲(chong)(chong)Ascotis selenaria、棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)Helicoverpa armigera、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)天(tian)蛾(e)(e)Clanis bilineata tingtauica、豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)卷(juan)葉(xie)(xie)螟Omiodes indicata和黑(hei)條麥螢葉(xie)(xie)甲等食葉(xie)(xie)類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)經(jing)常密集發(fa)生，大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)產量損失(shi)嚴重；煙(yan)粉(fen)(fen)虱、蝽（點(dian)蜂緣蝽和篩(shai)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)龜蝽Megacopta cribraria等）、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)和葉(xie)(xie)蟬(chan)等刺吸類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)造成大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)癟莢(jia)、落莢(jia)，煙(yan)粉(fen)(fen)虱和蚜蟲(chong)(chong)等密集發(fa)生時分泌的(de)(de)(de)(de)蜜露(lu)還會引起煤(mei)污病(bing)(bing)，同(tong)時也是病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)（可能(neng)包括“癥(zheng)青”）的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要傳播媒介；大(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)食心蟲(chong)(chong)和豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)莢(jia)螟等蛀莢(jia)類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)以及以豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)稈黑(hei)潛蠅為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛀稈害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)也都(dou)普遍(bian)發(fa)生。
2.3 南(nan)方多作大豆產區
南(nan)方多(duo)作(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)根腐病(bing)發(fa)(fa)生非常普遍，發(fa)(fa)病(bing)率高達70%以上，該(gai)病(bing)害(hai)主要由多(duo)種鐮(lian)孢(bao)菌(jun)引(yin)起，也(ye)有腐霉菌(jun)和(he)絲(si)核菌(jun)等。同時(shi)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)銹(xiu)病(bing)經常大(da)(da)(da)(da)面積發(fa)(fa)生，也(ye)是該(gai)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)需要關注的(de)(de)重(zhong)要病(bing)害(hai)；一般導(dao)致大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)減產(chan)10%～30%，嚴重(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生田塊減產(chan)高達50%以上，若在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)生長季早期(qi)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)甚至(zhi)會造成絕(jue)收(shou)。近年來，隨著西南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)種植面積的(de)(de)快速增加(jia)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)銹(xiu)病(bing)在(zai)(zai)四川、貴州和(he)廣(guang)西等省區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生呈現加(jia)重(zhong)趨勢。此外(wai)，炭疽病(bing)和(he)病(bing)毒病(bing)等病(bing)害(hai)在(zai)(zai)南(nan)方多(duo)作(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)也(ye)經常發(fa)(fa)生，尤其是在(zai)(zai)菜用大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)（鮮食毛豆(dou)(dou)(dou)）產(chan)區(qu)(qu)，炭疽病(bing)是大(da)(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)生長中后期(qi)影響(xiang)其產(chan)量和(he)外(wai)觀品(pin)質的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素。
南(nan)方(fang)農田(tian)生(sheng)態背景復雜(za)，耕作制(zhi)度(du)(du)多樣，害(hai)蟲發生(sheng)種類(lei)(lei)較(jiao)多，且受小生(sheng)境條(tiao)件影響(xiang)較(jiao)大(da)。斜(xie)紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾、甜菜夜(ye)蛾、蝗蟲、象甲(jia)、芫菁和(he)(he)(he)葉(xie)甲(jia)等(deng)食葉(xie)類(lei)(lei)害(hai)蟲可(ke)在局部猖獗為害(hai)，大(da)量取食葉(xie)片；稻(dao)綠蝽(chun)Nezara viridula、盲蝽(chun)、煙粉虱、蚜蟲、葉(xie)蟬和(he)(he)(he)點蜂(feng)緣(yuan)蝽(chun)等(deng)刺吸(xi)類(lei)(lei)害(hai)蟲可(ke)影響(xiang)植株長(chang)勢和(he)(he)(he)結莢鼓粒，煙粉虱和(he)(he)(he)蚜蟲等(deng)可(ke)傳播病毒病；大(da)豆(dou)高隆象甲(jia)、大(da)豆(dou)食心蟲和(he)(he)(he)豆(dou)莢螟等(deng)多種蛀莢類(lei)(lei)害(hai)蟲是大(da)豆(dou)生(sheng)長(chang)中后(hou)期(qi)的(de)重(zhong)點防控(kong)對象；豆(dou)稈(gan)黑潛蠅在南(nan)方(fang)多作大(da)豆(dou)產(chan)區也普遍發生(sheng)，一些田(tian)塊的(de)植株受害(hai)率可(ke)達100%；因為該產(chan)區土壤濕度(du)(du)相對較(jiao)大(da)，所以地下害(hai)蟲總體發生(sheng)較(jiao)輕。
2.4 鹽堿(jian)地與干(gan)旱半(ban)干(gan)旱地區
積極挖掘潛(qian)力增加(jia)耕地(di)(di)(di)，開發(fa)(fa)鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)、干(gan)旱半(ban)干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)豆，是(shi)農業農村部(bu)(bu)《“十四·五”全國種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業發(fa)(fa)展規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》中提出的(de)(de)多措并(bing)舉保糧油供(gong)給的(de)(de)重要舉措，然而目前對這些(xie)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)大(da)(da)豆病蟲(chong)(chong)草(cao)害(hai)發(fa)(fa)生規(gui)(gui)律的(de)(de)了解相對較(jiao)少。值得注意的(de)(de)是(shi)，干(gan)旱、鹽堿(jian)條件有(you)利于(yu)大(da)(da)豆胞囊線蟲(chong)(chong)病發(fa)(fa)生，該(gai)病長期以來在黑龍江省西(xi)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)、鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)沙土地(di)(di)(di)等地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)危害(hai)較(jiao)重，近年來在安(an)徽、河南、山(shan)東和(he)(he)山(shan)西(xi)等省也(ye)有(you)發(fa)(fa)生；干(gan)旱半(ban)干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)尤其是(shi)高溫地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)更(geng)有(you)利于(yu)各類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生，包括蠐螬和(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)老(lao)虎等地(di)(di)(di)下害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，豆莢螟和(he)(he)大(da)(da)豆食心蟲(chong)(chong)等蛀莢類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，斜紋夜蛾(e)和(he)(he)甜菜夜蛾(e)等食葉類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，以及(ji)煙(yan)粉虱和(he)(he)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)等刺吸類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，這些(xie)刺吸類(lei)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)生經(jing)常還伴隨著病毒病的(de)(de)大(da)(da)范圍傳播與(yu)危害(hai)。因此，在鹽堿(jian)地(di)(di)(di)與(yu)干(gan)旱半(ban)干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)大(da)(da)豆時，應加(jia)強對病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)發(fa)(fa)生及(ji)流行規(gui)(gui)律的(de)(de)調查監測。
3
大豆病蟲害全程綠色防控技術
3.1 總體策略
大豆生產(chan)(chan)中的(de)(de)主要病蟲(chong)害，尤其是病害，一般可(ke)防(fang)而不好(hao)治，應遵循“預(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主，綜合防(fang)治”的(de)(de)植保方(fang)針，以(yi)選用綜合抗性較好(hao)的(de)(de)良種和健身栽培為(wei)基(ji)礎，以(yi)農業防(fang)治、物(wu)理防(fang)治和生物(wu)防(fang)治為(wei)重點，輔以(yi)必要的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)防(fang)治，切實(shi)提高對病蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)防(fang)治效率(lv)，達到綠(lv)色、高產(chan)(chan)、穩產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)目標。大豆全(quan)程生產(chan)(chan)中應在及時監測掌握病蟲(chong)害種類和發(fa)生動態的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，圍(wei)繞“前防(fang)苗弱，中控長勢，后(hou)保莢(jia)果(guo)”的(de)(de)目標進行(xing)全(quan)程綠(lv)色防(fang)控。
3.2 播種期
大(da)(da)豆(dou)播種(zhong)(zhong)期防控的(de)(de)重點(dian)是種(zhong)(zhong)子健(jian)康。針對(dui)重大(da)(da)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)合理(li)選(xuan)(xuan)用抗（耐）性品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，避免(mian)單一品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)連續使(shi)用多年。在清選(xuan)(xuan)、精選(xuan)(xuan)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，做好種(zhong)(zhong)子攜帶病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原菌(jun)的(de)(de)檢測，尤其(qi)是大(da)(da)豆(dou)疫霉等(deng)(deng)檢疫性有害(hai)(hai)生物(wu)，謹慎使(shi)用病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)發(fa)生地(di)(di)區(qu)收(shou)獲的(de)(de)帶菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)子；同時，曬種(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)降低苗(miao)期病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)發(fa)生率(lv)，播種(zhong)(zhong)前進行種(zhong)(zhong)子出(chu)芽率(lv)測試(shi)也(ye)有助(zhu)于預(yu)(yu)判病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)發(fa)生風險(xian)。選(xuan)(xuan)用復合種(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)劑包(bao)衣(yi)或(huo)拌種(zhong)(zhong)是預(yu)(yu)防大(da)(da)豆(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)傳(chuan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)、土傳(chuan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)下及(ji)苗(miao)期害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)關鍵措施，注意對(dui)癥(zheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇有效成分，如在防治根腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)擬(ni)莖點(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)時可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)擇精甲(jia)(jia)(jia)·咯菌(jun)腈等(deng)(deng)殺(sha)卵菌(jun)和(he)(he)殺(sha)真菌(jun)的(de)(de)復配成分；在防治蠐螬和(he)(he)金針蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)下害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)及(ji)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、葉(xie)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)象甲(jia)(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)苗(miao)期害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)時可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)擇噻蟲(chong)(chong)嗪(qin)、吡(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)啉、溴(xiu)氰蟲(chong)(chong)酰胺和(he)(he)氯蟲(chong)(chong)苯(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰胺等(deng)(deng)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)成分；在防治胞囊線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)時可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)擇甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氨基(ji)阿維菌(jun)素苯(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸鹽（簡稱(cheng)“甲(jia)(jia)(jia)維鹽”）等(deng)(deng)有效成分，或(huo)結合使(shi)用生物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)衣(yi)劑SN101等(deng)(deng)。
3.3 生長前(qian)期（苗期至分枝期）
大(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)生(sheng)(sheng)長前期也就是(shi)苗期至(zhi)分(fen)枝期，應注意(yi)監測(ce)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)和控制害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)密(mi)度。大(da)(da)(da)面積連片大(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)田(tian)可(ke)(ke)采用殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈結(jie)合性誘(you)劑(ji)(ji)和食(shi)誘(you)劑(ji)(ji)，監測(ce)及誘(you)殺(sha)金龜子（蠐螬(cao)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)）、棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和斜紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾等(deng)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，可(ke)(ke)結(jie)合選(xuan)用蘇云金桿菌Bacillus thuringiensis和球(qiu)孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)物制劑(ji)(ji)噴(pen)施(shi)防治；同時(shi)要注意(yi)保護和利用瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、食(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)蠅、草(cao)蛉(ling)和赤眼蜂等(deng)天(tian)敵，這將有助于(yu)控制蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的密(mi)度。當蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、煙粉虱、豆(dou)(dou)稈黑潛蠅和斜紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾等(deng)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)密(mi)度較大(da)(da)(da)時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)于(yu)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)初期選(xuan)用氯蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)苯甲酰(xian)胺(an)、甲維鹽、氰戊菊酯和噻蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)·高(gao)氯氟等(deng)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)噴(pen)霧防治。在防治蝸牛等(deng)軟(ruan)體(ti)類害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)撒施(shi)四聚乙醛顆粒劑(ji)(ji)。另外，根據莖(jing)枯病(bing)、炭疽病(bing)和葉斑(ban)病(bing)等(deng)大(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)莖(jing)葉部病(bing)害(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)情況，選(xuan)用吡唑(zuo)醚菌酯和苯醚·嘧菌酯等(deng)殺(sha)菌劑(ji)(ji)噴(pen)霧防治。此(ci)外，噴(pen)施(shi)氨(an)基(ji)寡糖素·鏈(lian)蛋白等(deng)免疫激活劑(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)有助于(yu)提高(gao)大(da)(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)植株(zhu)對病(bing)毒病(bing)等(deng)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)及蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)的免疫力。
3.4 生長中后期（花莢期）
大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)中后期(qi)也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)花莢(jia)期(qi)，應加強(qiang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)監測，及時(shi)做好“一(yi)噴(pen)多防(fang)(fang)”。在前期(qi)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)的(de)基礎上，根據大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)情況，可(ke)(ke)噴(pen)施(shi)嘧(mi)菌(jun)酯、苯(ben)甲(jia)·丙環唑和(he)(he)唑醚·氟(fu)環唑等(deng)殺菌(jun)劑防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)真(zhen)菌(jun)性葉部病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)及擬莖(jing)(jing)點(dian)莖(jing)(jing)莢(jia)枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)(he)炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)莖(jing)(jing)莢(jia)部病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)。煙粉虱和(he)(he)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)刺吸類害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)傳播的(de)主要介體，因此(ci)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)類害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)制病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蔓延的(de)根本，可(ke)(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)氯蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)苯(ben)甲(jia)酰胺和(he)(he)噻(sai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)嗪等(deng)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑噴(pen)施(shi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。在大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)莢(jia)螟等(deng)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)盛發(fa)期(qi)，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)條帶法(fa)噴(pen)灑(sa)生(sheng)(sheng)物食誘(you)劑誘(you)殺其成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)；在成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵盛期(qi)可(ke)(ke)釋放赤眼蜂等(deng)卵寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂寄生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)殺滅(mie)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵；也(ye)可(ke)(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)蘇云金桿菌(jun)、溴(xiu)氰菊(ju)酯和(he)(he)高(gao)效氯氟(fu)氰菊(ju)酯等(deng)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)(he)初孵幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)；在老熟幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)脫(tuo)莢(jia)入土前，可(ke)(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)白僵菌(jun)粉劑均勻(yun)撒施(shi)于(yu)地表，減少(shao)化蛹(yong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)數量。建議結合大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)狀況，兼施(shi)葉面肥、生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)調節劑或(huo)免疫誘(you)抗(kang)劑以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制植(zhi)株長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢，增(zeng)強(qiang)或(huo)保(bao)持(chi)大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)植(zhi)株對病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)抵抗(kang)力，包括預防(fang)(fang)根腐病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)引起(qi)的(de)早衰。
3.5 注意事項
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理(li)：選用(yong)(yong)在(zai)大豆上(shang)取得(de)農(nong)藥(yao)登記的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衣劑(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)干(gan)式拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法進行拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，即(ji)拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)劑(ji)不再另外加水(shui)，防(fang)止種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸水(shui)皺皮(pi)，按照藥(yao)劑(ji)說明書的(de)比例直(zhi)接拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。復(fu)合使用(yong)(yong)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)劑(ji)拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時，每公斤種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)藥(yao)劑(ji)總量不超過(guo)8 mL；拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后陰干(gan)，可(ke)直(zhi)接播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
“癥(zheng)青”防控：目前，造成(cheng)該現(xian)象(xiang)的原因尚(shang)未有(you)定(ding)論，但(dan)加強對點(dian)蜂(feng)緣蝽及煙粉(fen)虱等(deng)刺吸類害蟲(chong)的監測和統防統治，是目前防止大(da)豆“癥(zheng)青”發生最(zui)有(you)效的措施(shi)。
田間管理：重(zhong)(zhong)茬連作、土壤排水性差、植株(zhu)間通透(tou)性低、除草劑和(he)(he)調節劑使用不當等因(yin)素均可(ke)能加重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)豆根腐病(bing)和(he)(he)擬莖點種(zhong)腐病(bing)等病(bing)害的發生，提倡(chang)起壟(long)種(zhong)植，注(zhu)意(yi)及(ji)時(shi)排澇，采(cai)用合理輪作、適期播種(zhong)、合理密植和(he)(he)及(ji)時(shi)清(qing)潔機具等綜合措施(shi)；注(zhu)意(yi)病(bing)殘體及(ji)時(shi)離(li)田處理，避免(mian)菌源積(ji)累和(he)(he)擴散。
4
問題與展望
近年來(lai)，在(zai)氣(qi)候條件(jian)變(bian)化、種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)模(mo)式變(bian)革、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)更新與布局、農(nong)藥不合(he)理(li)使用以(yi)及(ji)外來(lai)生物入侵等多(duo)(duo)重因素的(de)(de)影響下，大豆病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類與危害(hai)程度發生著明顯的(de)(de)變(bian)化，重大病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)蔓延加重或再猖獗（如北方(fang)春大豆產(chan)區(qu)的(de)(de)疫霉根腐(fu)病(bing)、黃(huang)淮(huai)海夏(xia)大豆產(chan)區(qu)的(de)(de)擬莖(jing)點(dian)(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)腐(fu)病(bing)和(he)煙粉虱、南方(fang)多(duo)(duo)作大豆產(chan)區(qu)的(de)(de)銹病(bing)等）、次(ci)要病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)上(shang)升為害(hai)（點(dian)(dian)蜂緣蝽、甜菜夜(ye)蛾和(he)細菌(jun)性葉(xie)部病(bing)害(hai)等）以(yi)及(ji)新發重大病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)“元兇(xiong)”尚待完(wan)全(quan)破解（“癥青”等）等問題突出，給(gei)大豆病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防控帶來(lai)了新的(de)(de)挑戰。
由于中國對大豆病蟲害發生規律與防控技術的研究長期重視不夠、投入不足，導致研究隊伍嚴重缺乏，研究基礎比較薄弱，生產中急需解決的大豆病蟲害防控的關鍵問題主要有：（1）絕大多數大豆病蟲害的發生規律、監測預警和防控技術等研究都不夠深入，甚至空缺，嚴重限制了大豆防控技術方案的制訂；（2）品種感病是病蟲害暴發的根本原因，然而大豆資源對許多重大病蟲害的抗性情況仍然缺乏系統有效的鑒定和持續的監測，抗性品種的布局與利用尚缺乏科學的整體規劃；（3）大豆植保產品嚴重匱乏，正式登記的殺菌劑和殺蟲劑品種非常有限（僅約為水稻上(shang)同(tong)類登記產(chan)品的2%；//www.chinapesticide.org.cn），現(xian)有產(chan)品存在嚴(yan)重(zhong)的同(tong)質化(hua)(hua)和配方老化(hua)(hua)等問題，大豆病蟲害防(fang)控技術方案設計與推廣(guang)中經常出(chu)現(xian)“無(wu)藥可施”的困(kun)境(jing)。
綜上所述(shu)，完善和強化大(da)豆植保研究隊伍的建設，摸清(qing)大(da)豆病蟲害(hai)的發生規律和品種資源的抗性，創(chuang)建與(yu)良種配套的全程綠色防(fang)控技(ji)術體系，是提高中(zhong)(zhong)國大(da)豆病蟲害(hai)防(fang)控技(ji)術水(shui)平、保障(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)國大(da)豆高產穩產的重(zhong)要(yao)基(ji)礎(chu)。
來源：《植物保(bao)護學報》2023年(nian)第2期(qi)。作者：葉文武1，劉(liu)萬才2，王(wang)源超(chao)1*（1.南京農(nong)業大學植物保(bao)護學院，農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)部大豆病蟲害防控重點實驗室；2.全國農(nong)業技(ji)術(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)服務(wu)中心(xin)）
