“小、弱、散、低”難擔農業發展之重

　　種業弱小已成為我省發展高原特色農業一個突出的“短板”。種子管理部門的客觀數據，讓我們讀出，我省種業發展的滯后可能超出了我們的想象。從大的方面看，全省農作物商品種子供應率僅為24%（也就是說76%的種子是農民自留種），除雜交玉米、雜交水稻商品供種率達100%外，常規水稻商品化供種為30%、油菜30%、小麥3%、馬鈴薯23%、蠶豆15%；就是這些有(you)限的商品化供種中，由(you)我省自主培育供應的良(liang)種也僅占(zhan)很小的一部分；而蔬菜等經濟(ji)作物種子80%以(yi)上來自省外或國外。

　　以上“基(ji)本面”折射出的是(shi)：

　　品(pin)種研(yan)發(fa)能(neng)力(li)弱(ruo)。全省從事農林牧漁品(pin)種研(yan)發(fa)的科研(yan)院所37個(ge)，由于研(yan)發(fa)經費投入不足(zu)，大(da)部分研(yan)發(fa)機構設施設備缺(que)乏、落后，研(yan)發(fa)能(neng)力(li)十(shi)分有限(xian)。“十(shi)一五”以(yi)來，全省審定通過的雜交水稻品(pin)種177個(ge)，由我(wo)省選育的品(pin)種僅有35個(ge)；畜禽供種能(neng)力(li)更弱(ruo)，優(you)良種畜主要依賴(lai)引進，自主選育十(shi)分薄弱(ruo)。

　　科(ke)研體制機制還(huan)沒有(you)(you)從根本(ben)上建(jian)立(li)起來，產學(xue)研脫節，品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)研發(fa)(fa)轉化(hua)率低。由(you)于種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)性、公益性研究(jiu)(jiu)投入(ru)不(bu)足，造成科(ke)研院校(xiao)把商業(ye)(ye)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)作為(wei)創收措施，不(bu)同(tong)程度影響了基(ji)礎(chu)研究(jiu)(jiu)和公益研究(jiu)(jiu)。我省(sheng)通過審(shen)定的(de)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)2/3以(yi)(yi)(yi)上集中(zhong)在科(ke)研院校(xiao)，其育(yu)(yu)成品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)大多由(you)自辦種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企業(ye)(ye)享(xiang)用，社會種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企業(ye)(ye)很難獲得適應(ying)市場(chang)需求的(de)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，而“單位育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)”的(de)明(ming)顯缺陷，使其很難成為(wei)推動種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)主力軍。“十一五”以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，省(sheng)內自主選育(yu)(yu)并通過審(shen)定的(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)362個(ge)，但(dan)轉化(hua)應(ying)用率很低，如全省(sheng)雜(za)交(jiao)水稻推廣面(mian)積10萬(wan)畝以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)14個(ge)，僅有(you)(you)1個(ge)為(wei)云南選育(yu)(yu)；雜(za)交(jiao)玉米(mi)推廣面(mian)積50萬(wan)畝以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)7個(ge)，云南選育(yu)(yu)的(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)只(zhi)有(you)(you)4個(ge)。

　　供種保障(zhang)政策(ce)不(bu)健全，良種繁育基(ji)地建設滯后。全省主要農作(zuo)物制種面積僅為(wei)50萬畝，與(yu)實際需求(qiu)差距較(jiao)大。全省雜交水稻種子自給率(lv)僅為(wei)10%、馬鈴薯(shu)脫毒(du)種薯(shu)為(wei)20%，花卉種球僅達(da)40%。

　　本土種子企業規模小，且研發力、競爭力弱。全省種子、種苗、種畜禽企業基本處于散小弱，人才不足，經營(ying)管理落(luo)后，效益(yi)低下的狀況。目(mu)前(qian)，全省199戶(hu)農(nong)作物種子企(qi)業，注冊資本(ben)1000萬(wan)(wan)元以(yi)上的只有(you)(you)(you)14家(jia)，年(nian)銷售收入5000萬(wan)(wan)元以(yi)上的僅有(you)(you)(you)4戶(hu)，全省沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一家(jia)農(nong)業部發(fa)證的真正意義(yi)上的“育繁推一體化”企(qi)業，領軍企(qi)業和拔尖人才更是(shi)寥(liao)寥(liao)。

　　種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)發育水(shui)平(ping)低、監管(guan)難(nan)(nan)。目(mu)前，全省(sheng)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)經營(ying)戶(hu)多達1.1萬(wan)戶(hu)，一個(ge)縣(xian)少則幾(ji)十(shi)戶(hu)、多則上百戶(hu)；同一類(lei)農作物種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)一個(ge)縣(xian)的銷售(shou)品(pin)種(zhong)通常超過百個(ge)，絕大多數(shu)縣(xian)區(qu)沒有(you)統一規范的種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)專(zhuan)業市(shi)場(chang)，經營(ying)方式(shi)零星分散，品(pin)種(zhong)“多、亂、雜”，農民購種(zhong)難(nan)(nan)、選種(zhong)難(nan)(nan)，農業部門監管(guan)難(nan)(nan)。

　　省種子管理站站長任仲勛概括說：“隨著世界農業科技創新的(de)(de)(de)突飛猛進，種(zhong)(zhong)業競爭日趨激烈，特別是跨國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)業的(de)(de)(de)強勢進入，使我們的(de)(de)(de)本土種(zhong)(zhong)業基(ji)本上處(chu)于"技不如人、邊打(da)邊退"的(de)(de)(de)劣勢地位。而(er)處(chu)于低層次發(fa)展階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)我省種(zhong)(zhong)業，如沒有大的(de)(de)(de)突破和創新，就難以應對跨國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)業的(de)(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰，也難以適應現(xian)代(dai)農業發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)新需要。”

　　強壯種業需要多路突圍

　　強農先強種(zhong)。直面我省(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的種(zhong)種(zhong)難題和困(kun)境，省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)出(chu)臺了《關(guan)于加快推進(jin)現代農業(ye)(ye)(ye)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的意見》。鮮明地提(ti)出(chu)，堅持自主創新(xin)，改革體制(zhi)機制(zhi)，完善法(fa)律法(fa)規，整合(he)農作(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源，加大政策扶持和投(tou)入力(li)(li)度，快速提(ti)升我省(sheng)(sheng)農作(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科技創新(xin)能(neng)力(li)(li)、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭能(neng)力(li)(li)、供種(zhong)保障能(neng)力(li)(li)和市場監管能(neng)力(li)(li)，構建以產業(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主導(dao)、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主體、基地為(wei)(wei)依托、產學研相結合(he)、育繁(fan)推一體化的現代農作(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體系。業(ye)(ye)(ye)內人士將其解讀(du)為(wei)(wei)未來我省(sheng)(sheng)“種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革”的路徑(jing)。

　　業(ye)內人士(shi)指(zhi)出，迎接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)春天(tian)，首先要看到，盡管(guan)我省(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發展面臨重(zhong)重(zhong)困難，但(dan)做強(qiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)利條件也不(bu)少：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資源豐富，素有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)然基因庫之稱，已查(cha)明的(de)(de)(de)植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類38萬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，約占全國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)40%，這樣的(de)(de)(de)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優勢(shi)是(shi)其他地(di)(di)方不(bu)能(neng)比的(de)(de)(de)；氣候類型(xing)(xing)多樣、光(guang)熱條件及自然屏障較好(hao)，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成本較低，西雙版納、元謀(mou)、尋甸已被農業(ye)部確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)稻、玉米、小麥、油菜等(deng)(deng)作(zuo)物育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冬（夏(xia)）繁基地(di)(di)；我省(sheng)(sheng)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)研發基礎，省(sheng)(sheng)農科(ke)院、云南(nan)農業(ye)大(da)(da)學等(deng)(deng)多所科(ke)研院校儲(chu)備著一批(pi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)科(ke)技人才，超(chao)級稻、雜交玉米等(deng)(deng)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術達到國(guo)內先進水(shui)平(ping)；作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)農業(ye)大(da)(da)省(sheng)(sheng)、用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)省(sheng)(sheng)，被省(sheng)(sheng)內越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)商(shang)資本和(he)(he)國(guo)內外種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子企業(ye)看好(hao)，已有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)集(ji)團等(deng)(deng)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)企業(ye)落戶我省(sheng)(sheng)發展種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)；同時，隨著跨(kua)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)涌入，美(mei)國(guo)先鋒和(he)(he)孟(meng)山(shan)都等(deng)(deng)跨(kua)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)集(ji)團開始進軍云南(nan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)市場，我省(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)界也進一步認清了(le)差距，增強(qiang)了(le)危機感，激發了(le)競爭(zheng)意(yi)識。可(ke)以說，學習消化、吸收(shou)轉化國(guo)外種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理理念、經營模式和(he)(he)先進技術，是(shi)我省(sheng)(sheng)強(qiang)壯種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)寶貴(gui)養料。

　　當然，我省種(zhong)業(ye)要(yao)做強做大還有很長的(de)路(lu)要(yao)走，眼目前最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)一(yi)步是在創新體制機制、規范運作、研發(fa)改革(ge)等(deng)關鍵(jian)環節上實現重(zhong)大突(tu)破，云南(nan)的(de)“種(zhong)子”才會(hui)發(fa)芽(ya)長大。

　　專(zhuan)家指出，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是重(zhong)點的(de)(de)重(zhong)點。要快速提升(sheng)我(wo)省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)科(ke)技創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力，必(bi)須要有科(ke)學靈活、運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)高效的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作保證。創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，很重(zhong)要的(de)(de)是引(yin)導推(tui)動科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)院(yuan)校退(tui)出商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，逐步建立起基礎(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、公益性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)以(yi)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)院(yuan)校為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)新(xin)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。同時，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)成果(guo)(guo)評(ping)價獎勵(li)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，建立科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)成果(guo)(guo)交易平臺(tai)和(he)利(li)益分配機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，加快科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)成果(guo)(guo)向(xiang)生產實(shi)際(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)，調動科(ke)技人員(yuan)的(de)(de)積極性(xing)(xing)(xing)。再就是扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)開展育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，支持(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)完善品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)體(ti)(ti)系，提高自主(zhu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力；支持(chi)(chi)從事(shi)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)單位和(he)人員(yuan)進(jin)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)開展育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)發，發揮(hui)市場機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)作用，建立以(yi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

　　發展種業要有優良品種支撐

　　業(ye)內人士指出，發展高(gao)原特色農業(ye)，要(yao)(yao)有(you)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)當家品種，因此(ci)，我省要(yao)(yao)加快培育一批(pi)具有(you)重(zhong)大應用前景和自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)知(zhi)識產(chan)權的(de)優(you)(you)良品種；應該(gai)集中(zhong)優(you)(you)勢資(zi)源，加大投入，聯合攻關，圍繞糧、糖、茶、膠、果、薯等12大優(you)(you)勢產(chan)業(ye)，選育出一批(pi)具有(you)突破性的(de)優(you)(you)質高(gao)產(chan)品種，扭轉當前特色經濟(ji)作物種子主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)靠引(yin)進的(de)被動(dong)局面。

　　“做大做強種業(ye)(ye)，要(yao)采取(qu)措(cuo)施遏制我省良(liang)種繁育下滑、萎縮態勢，加強良(liang)種生(sheng)產基地建設。”育種專家認為，要(yao)根(gen)據自然條件和(he)作(zuo)物(wu)區域(yu)布(bu)局，科學規劃(hua)種子生(sheng)產優勢區域(yu)布(bu)局，通過政(zheng)策引導(dao)、資金扶持，鼓勵企(qi)業(ye)(ye)以合作(zuo)社聯合、協作(zuo)，建立(li)一批穩定的規模化(hua)(hua)、標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)、集(ji)約化(hua)(hua)和(he)機械化(hua)(hua)的種子生(sheng)產基地，提高(gao)良(liang)種的綜合生(sheng)產能力(li)。

　　“國際種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)經驗(yan)證明，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)強(qiang)則種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)強(qiang)，龍(long)(long)頭企(qi)(qi)業(ye)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)戰略的核心載體，扶持(chi)龍(long)(long)頭企(qi)(qi)業(ye)壯大(da)(da)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)強(qiang)大(da)(da)的必(bi)由之路。”任仲勛介紹說，種(zhong)(zhong)子企(qi)(qi)業(ye)弱小是(shi)我省種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)最(zui)突出的短(duan)板，因此，在(zai)未來種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)要引導社會資本參與種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)開發(fa)，支持(chi)、引導種(zhong)(zhong)子企(qi)(qi)業(ye)通過兼并、重組提高(gao)產業(ye)集中(zhong)度。從企(qi)(qi)業(ye)用地、科研經費(fei)、加工檢(jian)驗(yan)基礎設(she)施以(yi)及稅收(shou)等方面，支持(chi)發(fa)展(zhan)一(yi)批實力強(qiang)、成長性(xing)好的“育(yu)繁推一(yi)體化”骨干種(zhong)(zhong)子企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。

　　農以(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)為先。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處于農業(ye)生產鏈條(tiao)的最前端，對農業(ye)生產具有牽一發而動(dong)全身的影響(xiang)，因此，強壯種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)還要進一步健全管理(li)體系，加強種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)質量監督(du)和市場監管，為種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的成長提供一片健康的沃土(tu)。

　　我(wo)省種(zhong)業正迎來一個新機遇期(qi)，直(zhi)面挑戰，克服(fu)困難(nan)，順(shun)應市場需求，強壯云南種(zhong)業大有(you)可為(wei)。