收(shou)了(le)麥(mai)種(zhong)點啥？看這里(li)！
《 農民日報 》（ 2019年06月25日 06 版）
河北省灤縣灤城街道辦事處楊家院村的一位村民展示收獲的花生。資料圖
農民在山東省聊城市茌平縣賈寨鎮后寨村田間收獲大豆。資料圖
編者(zhe)按(an)：春爭(zheng)(zheng)日(ri)，夏(xia)爭(zheng)(zheng)時，農(nong)時不等(deng)人。眼下，三夏(xia)麥收(shou)基本結(jie)(jie)束，及時夏(xia)播(bo)正是當務(wu)之急。早種(zhong)一天，早管一天，增產(chan)(chan)的效果就十分明顯，秋糧豐收(shou)就更有保障。而近年(nian)來(lai)種(zhong)植業(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)逐步推進，綠色化、優質(zhi)(zhi)化等(deng)農(nong)業(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量發展方向日(ri)益(yi)明晰(xi)，對生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)提出了新(xin)的要求。怎樣種(zhong)好(hao)、管好(hao)夏(xia)播(bo)作物？本期帶您(nin)看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)專家怎么說。
夏花生
夏(xia)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生產(chan)(chan)區主(zhu)要集(ji)中在黃淮海地區，其種(zhong)植方(fang)式(shi)主(zhu)要包括麥壟(long)套種(zhong)、麥后直播兩種(zhong)形式(shi)。為指(zhi)導(dao)農民種(zhong)好(hao)、管好(hao)夏(xia)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生，推進(jin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生生產(chan)(chan)高質量發(fa)展，農業農村部油(you)料專家指(zhi)導(dao)組會同(tong)全國農業技術推廣服務中心提出如(ru)下夏(xia)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生生產(chan)(chan)技術指(zhi)導(dao)意見(jian)。
依據種植(zhi)方式，科學選用品種
根據不(bu)同(tong)的種(zhong)(zhong)植方(fang)式和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態條件，因地制宜(yi)選(xuan)用優質高產(chan)、抗(kang)病性(xing)(xing)好、適合機械收獲的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。麥壟套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)宜(yi)選(xuan)用中(zhong)(zhong)早(zao)熟、中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)果(guo)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)期一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)125天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)內，如豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)15號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)9326、開農176、開農1715、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)6號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)13號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)16號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)31號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)36號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)等。麥后直播花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)宜(yi)選(xuan)用早(zao)熟、中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)果(guo)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)期一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)110天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)內，如遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9102、遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9307、遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9847、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)22號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)23號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)37號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)9號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)10號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)11號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)18號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)等。覆膜種(zhong)(zhong)植可選(xuan)用中(zhong)(zhong)早(zao)熟、中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)果(guo)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)期一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)120天(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)內，如豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)9327、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)15號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9847、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)9326、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)25號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)36號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)等。寬幅間作夏花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)宜(yi)選(xuan)用較耐蔭(yin)、高產(chan)、大(da)果(guo)、適應性(xing)(xing)廣的早(zao)熟或中(zhong)(zhong)早(zao)熟品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)期一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)115天(tian)(tian)左右，如遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9307、遠(yuan)(yuan)雜(za)(za)9847、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)22號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、豫(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)37號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)9號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)10號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)11號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、冀(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)18號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)等。
適(shi)時適(shi)墑(di)播種，適(shi)當增加密度
麥(mai)(mai)壟(long)(long)套種(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)適宜播(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)在麥(mai)(mai)收前(qian)15—20天(tian)，麥(mai)(mai)后(hou)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)應搶時(shi)早播(bo)(bo)，播(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)一般(ban)不晚于6月15日。花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)適宜的(de)土壤水分為田間最(zui)大持水量的(de)70%左右，墑(di)(di)情不足的(de)要(yao)灌溉造(zao)墑(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，特別是(shi)麥(mai)(mai)壟(long)(long)套種(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)，應在適播(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)前(qian)灌溉造(zao)墑(di)(di)。為保證搶時(shi)早播(bo)(bo)、減少造(zao)墑(di)(di)及可能的(de)陰雨天(tian)氣影響播(bo)(bo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，可采(cai)用“干播(bo)(bo)濕出”的(de)方法，起(qi)壟(long)(long)種(zhong)(zhong)植花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)播(bo)(bo)后(hou)順壟(long)(long)澆灌，覆(fu)膜(mo)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)宜采(cai)用膜(mo)下滴灌、露(lu)地(di)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)可采(cai)用微噴等方式(shi)。麥(mai)(mai)后(hou)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)推廣一壟(long)(long)雙(shuang)行(xing)的(de)機械化起(qi)壟(long)(long)種(zhong)(zhong)植模式(shi)，壟(long)(long)距寬窄因土壤肥力狀況和果型大小靈活掌(zhang)握，麥(mai)(mai)后(hou)直(zhi)播(bo)(bo)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)每(mei)畝12000穴左右，每(mei)穴2粒，單粒精播(bo)(bo)每(mei)畝16000—18000穴；麥(mai)(mai)壟(long)(long)套種(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)每(mei)畝10000穴左右，每(mei)穴2粒。在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)應根(gen)據當地(di)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)病蟲特點(dian)，選擇(ze)合適的(de)藥劑進行(xing)拌種(zhong)(zhong)或包衣，一般(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)皮晾干后(hou)即可播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)深度3—5厘(li)米。
科學調控(kong)肥水，保(bao)苗(miao)早(zao)發穩長
夏花生(sheng)田整(zheng)體水肥(fei)(fei)條件(jian)較好，且(qie)夏花生(sheng)生(sheng)育進程快，生(sheng)育期縮短(duan)，在管(guan)理上(shang)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)促為主、促控結合(he)。麥(mai)壟套種花生(sheng)在麥(mai)收后應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時(shi)滅茬，并結合(he)中(zhong)耕每畝(mu)追施(shi)(shi)尿素或復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)15公(gong)斤左右，過磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鈣30—50公(gong)斤，提高苗(miao)(miao)期根瘤菌固氮能力(li)(li)；視土壤墑情，及(ji)時(shi)灌溉，促苗(miao)(miao)早發。麥(mai)后直播花生(sheng)要精細整(zheng)地(di)，施(shi)(shi)足(zu)底(di)肥(fei)(fei)，用量應(ying)(ying)根據(ju)預期產(chan)量、土壤肥(fei)(fei)力(li)(li)平(ping)衡施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)，合(he)理使(shi)用氮磷(lin)鉀(jia)和(he)鈣肥(fei)(fei)，適量補充(chong)微肥(fei)(fei)，一般可畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)花生(sheng)專用肥(fei)(fei)40—50公(gong)斤。花針(zhen)期可畝(mu)追施(shi)(shi)石膏粉25公(gong)斤，促進莢(jia)果(guo)和(he)籽仁(ren)發育；在花生(sheng)株高達30厘米(mi)左右時(shi)，有(you)旺長趨勢(shi)的(de)田塊應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時(shi)噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)植物生(sheng)長調節劑(ji)，控旺防倒，調節劑(ji)的(de)使(shi)用應(ying)(ying)嚴(yan)格按照(zhao)使(shi)用說(shuo)明書，噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)時(shi)間一般于(yu)上(shang)午10點前(qian)或下午3點后進行。后期結合(he)葉部(bu)病害防治，噴(pen)灑磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)二氫鉀(jia)等葉面肥(fei)(fei)，防病防早衰。
夏(xia)花生對干旱(han)十(shi)分敏(min)感，任(ren)何(he)時期都(dou)不能(neng)受旱(han)，尤其是盛花和大量(liang)果(guo)針形成下針階段（7月(yue)下旬(xun)至8月(yue)上旬(xun)）是需水臨(lin)界期，干旱(han)時應及時灌溉。同時，應保持(chi)田間(jian)“三溝”相通，注意排水，防止芽(ya)澇(lao)、苗澇(lao)，以(yi)及后期澇(lao)災對產量(liang)品質的影響。
堅持多措并(bing)舉(ju)，加強病蟲防控
花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)青枯病(bing)(bing)防治宜(yi)選用(yong)遠(yuan)雜9012、遠(yuan)雜9307、中(zhong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)21、中(zhong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)6號等抗病(bing)(bing)品種(zhong)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)根腐病(bing)(bing)、莖腐病(bing)(bing)、冠(guan)腐病(bing)(bing)等土傳病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)和(he)蠐螬等地(di)下害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)防治可在播種(zhong)前每(mei)畝(mu)種(zhong)子用(yong)60%吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉(lin)種(zhong)衣劑30毫升(sheng)+2.5%咯菌(jun)腈25毫升(sheng)+水(shui)250毫升(sheng)，或60%吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉(lin)30毫升(sheng)+20%萎銹(xiu)靈和(he)20%福美雙(shuang)40毫升(sheng)+水(shui)250毫升(sheng)拌(ban)種(zhong)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)葉斑病(bing)(bing)防治應在花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的中(zhong)后期噴施(shi)20%嘧菌(jun)酯(zhi)和(he)12.5%苯(ben)(ben)醚(mi)甲環(huan)(huan)唑懸(xuan)浮劑、吡(bi)唑醚(mi)菌(jun)酯(zhi)·代(dai)森聯等殺菌(jun)劑，視病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)程度防治2—3次，每(mei)次間(jian)隔7—10天；花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)白(bai)絹病(bing)(bing)防治應在發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初期噴淋噻呋酰胺、戊(wu)唑醇、嘧菌(jun)酯(zhi)、苯(ben)(ben)醚(mi)甲環(huan)(huan)唑等。
蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)倡導生物、物理(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先行(xing)，如燈(deng)(deng)光(guang)誘(you)殺(sha)(sha)、性(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)誘(you)殺(sha)(sha)、天敵保(bao)護利用、蓖麻(ma)等(deng)誘(you)集植物捕殺(sha)(sha)等(deng)措施(shi)(shi)，化(hua)學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應采(cai)用高(gao)效(xiao)低毒低殘留藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)。苗(miao)期(qi)重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，當(dang)蚜(ya)(ya)株率(lv)達20%時(shi)(shi)，用10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉4000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液，或(huo)(huo)40%毒死(si)蜱(pi)(pi)乳油1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液噴霧(wu)，每畝藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液用量40—50公斤(jin)(jin)；生長(chang)中期(qi)重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和蠐螬(cao)，棉(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)用50%辛硫(liu)磷(lin)1000—1500倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液，1.8%阿維菌素2000—3000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液，或(huo)(huo)10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉4000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液等(deng)噴霧(wu)，成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)用性(xing)誘(you)劑(ji)誘(you)殺(sha)(sha)，幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優先選用棉(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)核心(xin)多(duo)角體病毒，蘇云金桿菌，多(duo)殺(sha)(sha)菌素等(deng)生物制劑(ji)或(huo)(huo)者茚(yin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)威、氯(lv)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)本甲酰胺等(deng)化(hua)學(xue)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)；蠐螬(cao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)用5%辛硫(liu)磷(lin)顆粒(li)劑(ji)2.5公斤(jin)(jin)（或(huo)(huo)10%毒死(si)蜱(pi)(pi)1.5公斤(jin)(jin)）加(jia)細沙(sha)土20公斤(jin)(jin)犁地時(shi)(shi)撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)苗(miao)期(qi)中耕時(shi)(shi)撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)于植株主莖處，結莢(jia)期(qi)用40%辛硫(liu)磷(lin)乳劑(ji)或(huo)(huo)40%毒死(si)蜱(pi)(pi)乳劑(ji)或(huo)(huo)10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉可(ke)濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液灌墩(dun)。燈(deng)(deng)光(guang)誘(you)殺(sha)(sha)蠐螬(cao)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)效(xiao)果較好，蠐螬(cao)卵(luan)孵(fu)化(hua)盛期(qi)至低齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期(qi)，用球孢白僵(jiang)菌、金龜子綠僵(jiang)菌等(deng)，拌(ban)土撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)花生莖基(ji)部周圍(wei)后澆水(shui)或(huo)(huo)搶在雨前撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)，或(huo)(huo)兌(dui)水(shui)噴淋莖基(ji)部，使藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)滲(shen)入土中根際周圍(wei)。
適時(shi)機(ji)械收獲，及(ji)時(shi)干燥(zao)儲藏
大部分莢果(guo)飽滿(man)成(cheng)熟時，搶晴好天氣及(ji)時收獲。可采取聯合收獲或分段(duan)收獲。可根(gen)據氣溫許可和騰茬需(xu)求適當晚收，延(yan)長飽果(guo)充(chong)實時間(jian)，提高(gao)產量品質。
收獲(huo)后應抓緊晾曬(shai)或烘干干燥，使(shi)莢果含水量(liang)盡快降到10%以下入(ru)庫(ku)，控制貯(zhu)藏溫濕度條件，防治貯(zhu)藏害蟲，降低霉捂和黃曲霉毒(du)素污染發生風(feng)險。為提(ti)高花(hua)生品質(zhi)品相(xiang)，要盡量(liang)做到分品種專(zhuan)收專(zhuan)儲。
夏玉米
入夏以來，黃(huang)淮海(hai)地區雨(yu)水較往年(nian)偏少，大部分地區土壤墑情(qing)不足，不利于夏玉米播種和(he)出苗。根據當(dang)前氣候特點和(he)夏玉米生(sheng)產形勢，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村部玉米專家指導組會同全國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)技術(shu)推廣服務中(zhong)心，研究提出了黃(huang)淮海(hai)夏玉米生(sheng)產技術(shu)指導意見。
科學選擇優良(liang)品種，合(he)理(li)確(que)定種植密度
黃(huang)淮南部地(di)區，酌情選用(yong)(yong)耐高溫品(pin)種(zhong)。籽粒(li)直(zhi)收地(di)區，選用(yong)(yong)熟期相(xiang)對較(jiao)早、抗倒性好、籽粒(li)脫水(shui)快的品(pin)種(zhong)。青貯玉米選用(yong)(yong)生育期適宜、優質(zhi)專用(yong)(yong)品(pin)種(zhong)或糧飼通(tong)用(yong)(yong)型品(pin)種(zhong)。鮮食玉米選用(yong)(yong)豐(feng)產(chan)(chan)穩產(chan)(chan)、抗病(bing)抗逆的優質(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)。
小麥收獲后及時搶播。黃淮海中南部爭取在6月15日前、北部在6月20日前完成播種。根據品種特性、生產條件等確定適宜種植密度。籽粒玉米一般畝保苗4500株左右，耐密品種和高產田可適當提高密度。青貯玉米一般畝保苗5000株左右，鮮食玉米一般畝保苗3000—3500株。
加(jia)強肥水運籌管理(li)
按照用好地表水、澆好關鍵水的(de)原則(ze)，播種(zhong)前(qian)后可根據天氣和土壤墑(di)情，酌情造墑(di)或(huo)者澆好“蒙頭水”，有條(tiao)件的(de)地方(fang)推(tui)廣(guang)應用測墑(di)節灌、噴滴灌水肥(fei)一(yi)體化等技術。前(qian)茬小麥(mai)秸稈還田地塊以(yi)施(shi)(shi)氮肥(fei)為(wei)主，配合一(yi)定數量(liang)的(de)鉀肥(fei)，補(bu)施(shi)(shi)適量(liang)微肥(fei)。其中，1/3氮肥(fei)和全(quan)部鉀肥(fei)、微肥(fei)在播種(zhong)時進行側(ce)(ce)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)，其余(yu)2/3氮肥(fei)于(yu)小喇叭口期(qi)前(qian)后機械開(kai)溝側(ce)(ce)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)（深(shen)10厘(li)米(mi)左(zuo)右），提高肥(fei)效；花粒(li)期(qi)可根據植株長勢和需(xu)求適量(liang)補(bu)施(shi)(shi)氮肥(fei)。
加強監測(ce)預(yu)警防(fang)病蟲
選用(yong)抗病蟲(chong)玉米品種及高質量包衣種子基礎上，加(jia)強(qiang)病蟲(chong)害動(dong)態監測(ce)和預(yu)報(bao)預(yu)警，采用(yong)生(sheng)物綠色防(fang)控技(ji)術（利(li)用(yong)天敵、殺蟲(chong)燈等），推進專業化統(tong)防(fang)統(tong)治。
當前(qian)，要(yao)特別做好草地貪夜蛾監測預報，及時進行成蟲誘殺(sha)和(he)幼蟲防治。用藥參(can)考(kao)《農業農村部辦公(gong)廳關(guan)于做好草地貪夜蛾應急防治用藥有(you)關(guan)工(gong)作的通(tong)知》（農辦農﹝2019﹞13號）。考(kao)慮到草地貪夜蛾晝伏夜出、隱蔽取食(shi)危害特性，要(yao)在(zai)清晨或者傍晚用藥；注(zhu)意噴施玉(yu)米心葉、穗部和(he)葉片正反面。
適時晚收提產(chan)量
對于(yu)籽(zi)粒(li)玉米，在不影響下(xia)茬小麥播期(qi)(qi)(qi)情(qing)況下(xia)，根據籽(zi)粒(li)灌漿(jiang)進(jin)(jin)程和籽(zi)粒(li)乳(ru)(ru)線情(qing)況適期(qi)(qi)(qi)晚收(shou)，進(jin)(jin)一步提高玉米產量。收(shou)獲時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盡量使用機械收(shou)獲，減(jian)少勞動力投入。收(shou)獲后，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晾曬或烘干，以(yi)防霉變，保證品質。鮮(xian)食玉米一般在授粉(fen)后20天左(zuo)右進(jin)(jin)入適采期(qi)(qi)(qi)。專用青(qing)貯玉米最適收(shou)獲期(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)乳(ru)(ru)熟末期(qi)(qi)(qi)至蠟熟初期(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)籽(zi)粒(li)乳(ru)(ru)線位(wei)置作為(wei)判別標準(zhun)，乳(ru)(ru)線處于(yu)1/2至2/3時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)獲，收(shou)獲后及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)青(qing)貯加工。
夏(xia)大豆
根據黃淮(huai)海(hai)(hai)優質食用大(da)豆(dou)的生(sheng)產特點，充(chong)分(fen)考慮綠色生(sheng)產和(he)機(ji)械(xie)化作業要求，農業農村部大(da)豆(dou)專家指導組(zu)會同全國農業技術推廣(guang)服務中(zhong)心提(ti)出2019年黃淮(huai)海(hai)(hai)地區夏大(da)豆(dou)生(sheng)產技術指導意見。
因(yin)地制宜，精選良種
為(wei)滿足國內(nei)食(shi)用大(da)豆(dou)品(pin)質(zhi)需(xu)求和全程(cheng)機械(xie)(xie)化作業需(xu)要(yao)，應注(zhu)重選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)高產、高蛋白、加工品(pin)質(zhi)好、抗逆(ni)性強(qiang)且(qie)適(shi)合機械(xie)(xie)化收獲的(de)(de)優質(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。黃淮南部地區(qu)(qu)(qu)熱量條件較好，可(ke)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)生育(yu)期(qi)相對較長(chang)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)黃13、皖豆(dou)28、阜豆(dou)9號(hao)等；中(zhong)(zhong)部地區(qu)(qu)(qu)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)熟期(qi)相對適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)豆(dou)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)齊黃34、冀(ji)豆(dou)17、中(zhong)(zhong)黃37等；北部地區(qu)(qu)(qu)熱量少，建議選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)生育(yu)期(qi)相對較短的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)冀(ji)豆(dou)12、滄豆(dou)10、邯豆(dou)7號(hao)等。鑒于去年大(da)豆(dou)生長(chang)后期(qi)部分(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域雨水較多(duo)，個別品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)因感染擬(ni)莖點種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腐病，造成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)芽率較差，自留(liu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前應做好發芽試驗。
適墑播(bo)種，合理密植
土壤(rang)墑情好(hao)或一次降(jiang)雨10毫米(mi)以上時，應搶墑播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。天氣干旱可灌(guan)溉后(hou)(hou)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)噴(pen)灌(guan)，注(zhu)意破除板(ban)結。黃淮(huai)南部地區播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時應注(zhu)意開(kai)好(hao)“三溝”，預防后(hou)(hou)期發生澇害。覆蓋(gai)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)保墑及防止土壤(rang)板(ban)結效果明顯，可使(shi)用(yong)免耕覆秸(jie)(jie)精(jing)量播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，一次性完(wan)成播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、施肥、病蟲(chong)草害防控、秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)覆蓋(gai)作業；也可在小麥低(di)茬收割時進行秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)粉碎拋撒(sa)，趁(chen)墑免耕播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。根據品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特性，合理確定種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)密度，提倡適度密植(zhi)，一般每畝用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3—6公斤(jin)，行距40厘米(mi)，畝保苗(miao)數1.5—1.8萬(wan)株(zhu)。
精準施肥(fei)，防衰控(kong)旺
黃淮海地(di)區大部(bu)分大豆田土(tu)壤(rang)有機質含量(liang)較低，為提高土(tu)壤(rang)有機質含量(liang)，前(qian)茬小麥等作物秸(jie)稈應(ying)盡量(liang)做(zuo)到(dao)全(quan)量(liang)還田。底肥(fei)一般(ban)畝(mu)施45%的(de)復合肥(fei)或磷(lin)酸二銨10公斤，盡量(liang)做(zuo)到(dao)播種、施肥(fei)一次完成(cheng)，提倡(chang)側深施肥(fei)。土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)力不足(zu)的(de)地(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)，鼓粒(li)(li)期噴(pen)(pen)灑磷(lin)酸二氫鉀、葉(xie)面(mian)寶(bao)等葉(xie)面(mian)肥(fei)，可防(fang)植株(zhu)早(zao)衰(shuai)，增加單株(zhu)有效莢數、單株(zhu)粒(li)(li)數和百粒(li)(li)重。對旺長田塊(kuai)(kuai)，于初花期可每畝(mu)用(yong)縮節(jie)胺(an)20毫升兌(dui)水20公斤噴(pen)(pen)施或15%多效唑50克兌(dui)水40—50公斤噴(pen)(pen)施，控制基部(bu)節(jie)間伸長，防(fang)止(zhi)倒伏。
科學用藥，控制(zhi)雜草
提倡播后(hou)封(feng)閉除(chu)草(cao)，免耕覆秸精量播種地(di)塊可(ke)采用(yong)96%精異(yi)丙甲草(cao)胺(an)、70%嗪草(cao)酮、80%闊草(cao)清按(an)30：30：1混配，每(mei)畝施用(yong)125克，兌水(shui)15—20公(gong)(gong)斤噴霧(wu)。若封(feng)閉除(chu)草(cao)效果不理想，可(ke)對雜(za)草(cao)多(duo)地(di)塊采用(yong)苗后(hou)化學除(chu)草(cao)。在大豆苗期，用(yong)24%克闊樂與12.5%蓋(gai)草(cao)能乳油按(an)1：1混配，每(mei)畝施用(yong)60毫升，兌水(shui)40—50公(gong)(gong)斤噴施，可(ke)同(tong)時(shi)防除(chu)單子葉和雙子葉雜(za)草(cao)。
突出重點，防控(kong)病蟲(chong)
黃淮海地(di)區應重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)大豆根(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)、擬莖(jing)點種腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)、蠐(qi)(qi)螬、點蜂(feng)緣蝽(chun)等病(bing)蟲(chong)害。選用抗(kang)病(bing)品種控制根(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)、擬莖(jing)點種腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)發(fa)生(sheng)；蠐(qi)(qi)螬發(fa)生(sheng)較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)的地(di)區或田塊(kuai)，可結合側深施(shi)肥畝施(shi)30%毒(du)(du)死(si)蜱微囊(nang)懸(xuan)浮劑(ji)0.5公(gong)斤防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)蠐(qi)(qi)螬；大豆出苗后10—20天使(shi)用內吸性藥劑(ji)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)豆稈黑潛蠅；大豆開(kai)花期(qi)噴施(shi)吡(bi)蟲(chong)啉+氰(qing)戊(wu)菊酯、噻蟲(chong)嗪+高效氯(lv)氟氰(qing)菊酯+毒(du)(du)死(si)蜱防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)點蜂(feng)緣蝽(chun)，預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)癥(zheng)青(qing)現象的發(fa)生(sheng)，早晨或傍晚點蜂(feng)緣蝽(chun)活動(dong)較(jiao)(jiao)遲鈍(dun)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)效果(guo)(guo)好。有條件(jian)的地(di)區，可采取統(tong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)效果(guo)(guo)更佳。
低損機收，保證質量
聯(lian)合收(shou)(shou)獲最(zui)佳時(shi)期在完熟(shu)初期，此時(shi)大豆葉片(pian)全(quan)部脫落(luo)，植株呈現原有品種(zhong)色澤，籽粒含水量降至18%以下(xia)。應(ying)注意調(diao)整(zheng)收(shou)(shou)割機(ji)撥(bo)禾輪轉速(su)，減(jian)(jian)輕撥(bo)禾輪對植株的(de)擊打力(li)度(du)，減(jian)(jian)少落(luo)莢(jia)、落(luo)粒，降低(di)破碎率。正(zheng)確選擇和調(diao)整(zheng)脫粒滾筒的(de)轉速(su)與間隙，以降低(di)大豆籽粒的(de)破損率。機(ji)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)還應(ying)避(bi)開(kai)露(lu)水，清除雜草，防止籽粒粘附泥土，影響外觀品質。
