切斷“盜版”“山寨”品種的通道
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新品種保護將進入歷史新時期 楊雄年(nian) 農作物新品種是建設現代種業的重要支撐和掌握農業發展主動權的關鍵。加強植物新品種保護，才能促使育種者不斷地增加投入，持續推進育種創新。因此，植物新品種保護是發揮創新驅動，發展現代種業，構建種業強國的基石。植物新品種保護是國際通行規則，是市場經濟發展的必然要求。在傳統種業向現代種業轉型升級的過程中，只有進一步加強植物新品種保護，健全品種保護機制，明晰品種產權，才能發揮市場在資源配置中的決定性作用。只有通過強化植物新品種保護制度，才能做大做強育繁推一體化種子企業，不斷推進種業科技創(chuang)新，源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)斷地出新品(pin)種(zhong)、出好品(pin)種(zhong)。 此次《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》修訂將(jiang)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)單獨列(lie)出一(yi)章，帶(dai)來(lai)的主(zhu)要(yao)變(bian)化(hua)有：將(jiang)原條例的一(yi)些(xie)內容列(lie)入到《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》，提升了新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)的法(fa)律位階(jie)；將(jiang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權行政執法(fa)權下放到縣級以上農(nong)業林(lin)業主(zhu)管部門，并大幅提高(gao)對品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權侵權假冒行為的民事賠(pei)償標(biao)準和行政處(chu)罰額度，空前地加(jia)大了品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權執法(fa)；將(jiang)DUS測試作(zuo)(zuo)為品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審定、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)和品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)登(deng)記的重要(yao)前提，品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管理工作(zuo)(zuo)又向科學化(hua)、法(fa)制化(hua)方向邁出堅實的一(yi)大步。可以說，將(jiang)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)列(lie)入到新(xin)(xin)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》必將(jiang)促進(jin)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)進(jin)入到一(yi)個新(xin)(xin)的歷史(shi)階(jie)段。 加強植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法(fa)制化，是落實國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)戰略(lve)(lve)和(he)(he)創(chuang)新(xin)驅動(dong)戰略(lve)(lve)的(de)(de)重(zhong)大舉措。近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，黨中央、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)多(duo)措并(bing)舉，不斷強化農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)工作(zuo)。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)布《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)戰略(lve)(lve)綱要(yao)(yao)》將植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)確(que)定為與專利(li)、商標、版權(quan)(quan)等并(bing)列的(de)(de)七大戰略(lve)(lve)專項任務(wu)(wu)(wu)之一，并(bing)在(zai)之后(hou)連續多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，將打擊植(zhi)(zhi)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)侵權(quan)(quan)行為作(zuo)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)開展(zhan)打擊侵犯知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)假冒偽劣(lie)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)專項行動(dong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)任務(wu)(wu)(wu)。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)布《關于(yu)加快推進(jin)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)作(zuo)物種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)意見》，同時賦予植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)理屬性。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)在(zai)北京、上海、廣州設(she)立知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)，將植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)案(an)件審理納入其中。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)辦(ban)公(gong)廳轉發(fa)了(le)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)局(ju)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)部等單位《深入實施國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)戰略(lve)(lve)行動(dong)計劃(hua)（2014—2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)）》，對植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)創(chuang)造、運用、保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、管(guan)理和(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)做(zuo)出了(le)全(quan)面(mian)部署，提出了(le)明確(que)要(yao)(yao)求。從國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)層面(mian)看，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)已經(jing)成(cheng)為我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建設(she)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)現(xian)代(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)。這充分(fen)(fen)體(ti)現(xian)了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)對新(xin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視和(he)(he)支持，傳遞了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)鼓勵原始育種(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)新(xin)、加大對育種(zhong)(zhong)者權(quan)(quan)利(li)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，發(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)代(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，建設(she)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)決(jue)心。 新《種(zhong)子法(fa)(fa)(fa)》進一步強(qiang)調植物(wu)新品種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，是現階段(duan)構建我國知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現實選擇。在我國知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)領(ling)域(yu)，已先后(hou)(hou)制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)著作權(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、專(zhuan)利法(fa)(fa)(fa)、商標(biao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。植物(wu)新品種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)同是知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部分，但(dan)植物(wu)新品種(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)尚屬(shu)國務院行政法(fa)(fa)(fa)規規定，立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)層級(ji)上(shang)明顯滯后(hou)(hou)于其(qi)他(ta)知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)領(ling)域(yu)。在植物(wu)新品種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)單獨立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)尚未形成(cheng)共識(shi)、短期內難以提(ti)上(shang)日程的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，將植物(wu)新品種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)性制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)通過種(zhong)子法(fa)(fa)(fa)專(zhuan)章規定，節約了(le)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)資源，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)效率，更是化(hua)解了(le)民事權(quan)(quan)(quan)利和(he)民事責任處罰力度(du)(du)太小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾，符合民事制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)需由(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。 植(zhi)物新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)和品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)定、登記是我國農作(zuo)物品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)理(li)(li)的重要方面。隨(sui)著2011年國務院(yuan)八(ba)號文件發(fa)布，植(zhi)物新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)和品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)定實(shi)(shi)現了(le)歸口管(guan)理(li)(li)，但兩(liang)者法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性質(zhi)有屬性上的差異(yi)，在品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)理(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)有一個如何銜接的問題。保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)民事法(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)為(wei)，而品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)定屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)政管(guan)理(li)(li)行(xing)為(wei)。新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)列入(ru)到《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)(fa)》，有利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)兩(liang)者有機銜接，也便(bian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)統(tong)一執法(fa)(fa)管(guan)理(li)(li)。進(jin)入(ru)市(shi)場銷售推(tui)廣的審(shen)定品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如果是授權保(bao)護(hu)的植(zhi)物新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，可以統(tong)一測(ce)試流程、統(tong)一測(ce)試機構、統(tong)一執法(fa)(fa)主體，這可極大地提高(gao)行(xing)政管(guan)理(li)(li)效率，切實(shi)(shi)維護(hu)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者權利(li)和農民利(li)益。 （作者系農業部(bu)科技發展中心(xin)、農業部(bu)植物新品種測試中心(xin)主(zhu)任） 法律位階提升維權成本降低 宋敏 1999年正式實施(shi)《植物(wu)新品(pin)種保護(hu)條例(li)》，經過十多年的發展和(he)積累(lei)，我國(guo)種業迎來(lai)了向現代種業邁進的歷史(shi)機(ji)遇期。 現(xian)(xian)在要(yao)做的(de)，一是(shi)廣泛(fan)調動社會資(zi)源，進(jin)一步增加創新(xin)動力(li)源；二是(shi)引導育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)創新(xin)從低水(shui)平(ping)重復向高(gao)質量(liang)原始(shi)創新(xin)升級；三是(shi)促進(jin)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成果轉化(hua)運用，減少大量(liang)成果閑置浪費現(xian)(xian)狀。要(yao)做到這些，健(jian)全以(yi)植(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保護為核心的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業知(zhi)識(shi)產權制度是(shi)關(guan)鍵(jian)。界定(ding)明晰的(de)產權和(he)利益實現(xian)(xian)機(ji)制是(shi)實現(xian)(xian)相關(guan)方參與協作，發(fa)(fa)揮市場機(ji)制高(gao)效配置資(zi)源，達到資(zi)源效用最大化(hua)的(de)基(ji)礎。與現(xian)(xian)代種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業發(fa)(fa)展的(de)需要(yao)比較，我國現(xian)(xian)有的(de)植(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)條例存在保護水(shui)平(ping)低、賦(fu)權內(nei)涵少、救濟力(li)度弱等(deng)問(wen)題。 保(bao)護(hu)水平低主要(yao)體(ti)現在《條例》的(de)(de)立法(fa)階位低，植物(wu)(wu)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)不入(ru)法(fa)，通過(guo)行政法(fa)規授予的(de)(de)財產權很難與其他法(fa)律(lv)措施對接。這次《種(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》將植物(wu)(wu)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)基本內(nei)容納入(ru)并做專章規定，在種(zhong)(zhong)業制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)框架(jia)內(nei)定位植物(wu)(wu)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。應該說從立法(fa)階位上，提(ti)升了新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)地位。 賦權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)內(nei)涵(han)少體現在：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)《條例》設定的(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)只(zhi)限(xian)(xian)定在納(na)入(ru)保(bao)護(hu)名錄的(de)植物范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)，把(ba)大(da)多數育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)果(guo)排(pai)除在了(le)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護(hu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)外；二是(shi)(shi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)效力范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍(wei)較(jiao)窄，只(zhi)在繁殖材料使用上(shang)享有排(pai)他性(xing)獨(du)占權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，很(hen)難(nan)(nan)讓品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)生產(chan)使用的(de)全(quan)產(chan)業鏈上(shang)有效保(bao)護(hu)自(zi)身利益(yi)；三(san)是(shi)(shi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)定有效期(qi)限(xian)(xian)太(tai)短，15年(nian)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)很(hen)難(nan)(nan)覆蓋一(yi)些(xie)重大(da)創新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)的(de)生命(ming)周期(qi)和市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)周期(qi)，影響研發投資成(cheng)本的(de)合理回收(shou)；四是(shi)(shi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)容易(yi)被(bei)規避，由于缺(que)乏(fa)對原(yuan)始創新(xin)(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和派(pai)生創新(xin)(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)合理制度安排(pai)，原(yuan)始創新(xin)(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)很(hen)容易(yi)被(bei)修(xiu)飾性(xing)、模仿性(xing)和派(pai)生性(xing)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)果(guo)所規避，嚴重影響原(yuan)始創新(xin)(xin)的(de)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利益(yi)。品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)獲得(de)法(fa)(fa)定賦權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)內(nei)涵(han)少，含金量不(bu)高，不(bu)僅影響育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)創新(xin)(xin)積極性(xing)，而且也增大(da)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)創新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)果(guo)市(shi)場化運營(ying)的(de)投資風(feng)險。但是(shi)(shi)本次《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)法(fa)(fa)》修(xiu)訂并(bing)未觸及品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利內(nei)涵(han)，這為通過單獨(du)立(li)法(fa)(fa)，健全(quan)植物新(xin)(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)制度留下了(le)巨(ju)大(da)空(kong)間(jian)。 《條例》對品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)維權(quan)(quan)(quan)救濟(ji)力(li)度(du)有(you)限主(zhu)要體現在侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)成本(ben)(ben)低(di)維權(quan)(quan)(quan)成本(ben)(ben)高。一是(shi)舉(ju)證難；二是(shi)獲得行(xing)政和司法(fa)救濟(ji)的(de)(de)路遙門檻高；三是(shi)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)懲罰力(li)度(du)小(xiao)，受害補償(chang)(chang)金額低(di)。針對這些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)，新修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《種(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》采取了懲罰性賠償(chang)(chang)制(zhi)度(du)，調高了法(fa)定(ding)賠償(chang)(chang)金額，增加(jia)行(xing)政罰款等(deng)處罰措施(shi)，同時將(jiang)對侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)政查處機關由原來的(de)(de)省級修(xiu)改為縣(xian)級行(xing)政主(zhu)管部門。《種(zhong)(zhong)子法(fa)》通(tong)過(guo)減低(di)維權(quan)(quan)(quan)成本(ben)(ben)，提高侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)成本(ben)(ben)加(jia)大了對品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)維權(quan)(quan)(quan)救濟(ji)力(li)度(du)。但(dan)是(shi)對如何解(jie)決(jue)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)侵(qin)(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)舉(ju)證難等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)還需進一步立法(fa)完善(shan)。 （作(zuo)者系國(guo)家種業科技成果產權交易中心主任） |
京科968：“一家三口”都有授權 本(ben)報記者王澎 11月1日，由北京市農林科學院玉米研究中心選育的玉米雜交品種“京科968”及其父本“京92”、母本“京724”均獲得了植物新品種權正式授權。“我們早在2011年3月就向農業部植物新品種保護辦公室提交了‘京科968’及其父母本的植物新品種權申請。”北京市農林科學院玉米研究中心主任趙久然告訴記者，“授權后，該品種可以充分發揮其增產潛力和產業化價值，在創造更大社會效益的同時，也能獲得使開發企業自身獲得良好的經濟效益，并提高育種人員積極性”。“京科968”于2010年完成國家區試和生產試驗，2011年通過國家農作物品種審定委員會審定，該品種在通過品種審定之前就已經申請品種保護了。 “京科968”示范推廣(guang)面積(ji)由2012年的(de)60多(duo)萬畝(mu)，到2013年的(de)600多(duo)萬畝(mu)，再(zai)到2015年的(de)1600多(duo)萬畝(mu)，經(jing)過(guo)大(da)面積(ji)生產實(shi)踐的(de)檢驗(yan)，并受(shou)到廣(guang)大(da)經(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)商的(de)認可，億萬農(nong)戶的(de)贊譽。一(yi)(yi)個品種(zhong)一(yi)(yi)旦受(shou)到廣(guang)大(da)經(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)商的(de)認可和農(nong)民的(de)歡迎，也同時會招(zhao)致(zhi)侵權(quan)。模仿自(zi)不必說，套牌侵權(quan)和私繁濫制(zhi)就會如影(ying)隨形(xing)、蜂擁而至。近幾(ji)年每年都(dou)發(fa)現有大(da)量的(de)私繁濫制(zhi)案例。“鄭單958”、“先(xian)玉(yu)335”、“京科糯(nuo)2000”等知(zhi)名(ming)的(de)主導品種(zhong)都(dou)深(shen)受(shou)其害(hai)。 “‘京科糯2000’這(zhe)個(ge)品(pin)種就是(shi)因(yin)為當(dang)時(shi)申請慢了(le)一(yi)步，所(suo)以(yi)沒能獲得植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)種授權。”趙久然不無遺憾的說，“全國的糯玉(yu)米市場(chang)幾乎(hu)一(yi)半都是(shi)這(zhe)個(ge)品(pin)種，套牌侵權的就更多了(le)，沒能申請到植(zhi)(zhi)物新(xin)品(pin)種權，令開發企業(ye)的積(ji)極(ji)性受到相(xiang)當(dang)大(da)的影響。” 品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選育單位北(bei)京(jing)市農(nong)林科(ke)學院汲取經驗和(he)教訓，針對(dui)“京(jing)科(ke)968”雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)及其雙親(qin)都及時申請了(le)(le)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)保護，并且得到了(le)(le)授(shou)權(quan)。“除了(le)(le)雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)外，其父(fu)、母本的保護也(ye)(ye)是相當重要(yao)的。”趙久然解釋說，“過去只保護雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)于繁殖親(qin)本的情(qing)況無法控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)難以制(zhi)(zhi)止(zhi)，流失之后(hou)極易擾亂(luan)市場。”如(ru)今“京(jing)科(ke)968”一家(jia)(jia)三口都得到了(le)(le)授(shou)權(quan)，從親(qin)本繁殖到雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)生產整個(ge)鏈條(tiao)的各個(ge)環節都受到了(le)(le)知識產權(quan)保護，這也(ye)(ye)讓育種(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)的創新積極性會越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)高。 王洪勛：要抓緊申報品種保護 11月4日新(xin)(xin)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)》發(fa)布以(yi)來(lai)，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)科技發(fa)展中(zhong)心植(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)處(chu)的(de)(de)電話就(jiu)響個不停，針對植(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)受理(li)審(shen)查測試和(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)問(wen)題的(de)(de)咨詢此起彼伏。新(xin)(xin)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)》將國務院植(zhi)物(wu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)條例的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)性制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)(he)(he)核心內容通(tong)過種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)專章規定，并在罰則和(he)(he)(he)附則明(ming)確規定，提升了(le)(le)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)位(wei)階(jie)，引起了(le)(le)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)申(shen)(shen)請(qing)人(ren)和(he)(he)(he)權(quan)利(li)(li)人(ren)強烈關注。受益(yi)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)現年(nian)近80歲的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)疆(jiang)伊(yi)犁農(nong)(nong)民(min)王(wang)洪(hong)勛就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一位(wei)來(lai)電者。2007年(nian)，在農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)科技發(fa)展中(zhong)心品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)審(shen)查員幫助(zhu)下，王(wang)洪(hong)勛將在苗(miao)圃里(li)發(fa)現的(de)(de)一株(zhu)果(guo)(guo)肉呈鮮紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)變異高酸海棠（蘋果(guo)(guo)屬）品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“洪(hong)勛一號”成功申(shen)(shen)請(qing)了(le)(le)新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節水(shui)耐旱耐寒，果(guo)(guo)肉呈紅(hong)色(se)，花呈紫紅(hong)色(se)，不管(guan)是(shi)(shi)榨汁還是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)行道樹，都是(shi)(shi)一個非(fei)常好的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)很高的(de)(de)經濟價(jia)值。2009年(nian)“洪(hong)勛一號”獲得(de)授(shou)權(quan)仿佛就(jiu)在一夜之間改變了(le)(le)王(wang)洪(hong)勛的(de)(de)家(jia)庭困(kun)境(jing)，目前其(qi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)許可收益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)苗(miao)木銷售(shou)近千萬元。在政府(fu)支持下，該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已在伊(yi)犁和(he)(he)(he)塔城種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)了(le)(le)5萬多畝，為(wei)當地農(nong)(nong)民(min)增(zeng)收帶來(lai)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)希望。目前老(lao)人(ren)家(jia)里(li)配(pei)備(bei)了(le)(le)多輛車，并在伊(yi)犁和(he)(he)(he)烏魯木齊(qi)購(gou)置了(le)(le)多處(chu)房產，與(yu)目前一些步(bu)履(lv)維艱的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)科研和(he)(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)單位(wei)形成了(le)(le)鮮明(ming)對比。當從工作(zuo)人(ren)員口中(zhong)得(de)知這次種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)修訂把行政處(chu)罰權(quan)下放(fang)到縣級農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)林業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門并進一步(bu)加侵權(quan)行為(wei)處(chu)罰力度時，老(lao)人(ren)更加抑制(zhi)(zhi)不住(zhu)激動的(de)(de)心情，“這對于(yu)我們無(wu)性繁殖的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)說更便于(yu)維護(hu)權(quan)利(li)(li)了(le)(le)，我還有(you)好幾個新(xin)(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)準備(bei)申(shen)(shen)報(bao)呢！我要抓緊時間啦！” 陳紅(hong) 圖說 1997年我國發(fa)布《中華人(ren)民共(gong)和國植物新品(pin)種保護條例》 1999年4月23日我國(guo)加入國(guo)際植物新(xin)品種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)聯(lian)盟（UPOV） 2001年發(fa)布《關于(yu)審(shen)理(li)植物新品種糾紛案件(jian)若(ruo)干問題的解釋》 2007年發布《審(shen)理侵犯植物新(xin)品種糾紛案件(jian)具(ju)體應用(yong)法律問題的若干規定》 2008年農業部修訂條例實施細則 2012年(nian)發布《農業植(zhi)物品種明(ming)明(ming)規定》 2013年國務院修訂《植物新(xin)品(pin)種保護條例》 2015年11月(yue)4日《種子法》修訂(ding)，新品(pin)種保護單列一章(zhang) 制(zhi)圖：王(wang)澎 |
